Berries
However, Felix da Silva et al. (2018) denote that berries are recommended sources of antioxidants, but due to their poor bioavailability, a majority of the population does not gain access to this natural source. Pharmaceutical and supplement companies have taken it upon themselves to generate and manufacture generic antioxidants. Mallik and Hamilton (2017) suggest that even though the bioavailability of natural sources of antioxidants is increasingly becoming complicated, agricultural inputs and initiatives to increase the production of natural fruits such as berries. However, Namiesnik et al. (2013), An et al. (2019), Bobinait et al. (2015) contradict this perception by reporting that over the last decade, there has been an increase in the consumption of berries and other fruits sources. Good dietary practices and patterns are essential in health. Ideally, dietary berries are termed as active bio compounds bearing anti-oxidation properties through the protection of molecular and cellular processes, either edible or non-edible. According to Kopec et al. (2016), berries are recommended to patients for their health benefits and cholesterol-free properties. Berries comprise of phenolic substances like flavonoids or anthocyanins and non-nutritive bio compounds that supply the body with cellular and molecular replenishment through anti-oxidation (Parodi 2001). The benefits of anti-oxidation in the human body are the replenishment of cells, optimization of systemic functions, and replacement and replication processes at the cellular and molecular levels (Muhammad Shahid et al. 2018).
Nowak et al. (2018), Mallik, and Hamilton (2017) advance the rationale that the botanical classification of berries warrants its recommendation as being a highly potent antioxidant. According to Szopa et al. 2017; Carbajal-ida et al. 2016); Brown et al. (2012), confirms that the antioxidant capacity (AC) of berries is significantly higher than in other fruits such as organizes, bananas and other common fruits. The antioxidant capacity in berries predicated on the existence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that articulate to the compounds. Whereas the antioxidant capacity of berries varies from one fruit type to another, the benzol capacity among the genus Rubus shows a close correlative effect in terms of anti-oxidation co-efficient (Giuffrè, 2013; Gómez Gallego et al. 2012; Gwynn-Jones et al. 2012). However, for the edible berries, clinical tests done on their composition confirm the presence of phenols, phenolic acids, and other polyphenols majorly comprising of antioxidants.
According to Ângelo Luís et al. (2018), Cozzi et al. (2013), An et al. (2019), phenolic compounds are the elementary matrix pillars of the antioxidant polyphenol sources. Several phenolic compounds can be derived and are present in plant-based products within the Plantae kingdom. While antioxidants are not plant-specific, major sources of antioxidant deposits in plants are found precisely in fruits, leaves, and seeds. Szopa et al. (2017); Namiesnik et al. (2013); An et al. (2019), Guerrini et al. (2018) note that the chemical composition of phenol groups bears an aromatic ring and at least one hydroxyl group. Phenolics possess one or more aromatic rings bearing one or more hydroxyl groups. Ângelo Luís et al. (2018), Felix da Silva et al. (2018), Cozzi et al. (2013), De Moura et al. (2018), An et al. (2019) further elaborates that phenols exist as free but conjugative compounds bearing acid, sugar and either lipid-soluble or hydro-soluble elements. The chemical properties of polyphenols and phenols found in berries make it an ideal antioxidant. Cozzi et al. (2013), De Moura et al. (2018) elaborate that berries are among the most highly metabolized and oxidative actioned foods in the human body; this translates to the body deriving a huge array of health benefits from the anti-oxidative capacity of berries (Cozzi et al. 2013; An et al. 2019; Ângelo Luís et al. 2018; Felix da Silva et al. 2018).
According to Schenck (2009),) Hall et al. (2019), cancer patients are continuously taking up dietary berries consumption owing to the confirmed health and nutrition values derived from berries. Aspects such as anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory benefits are derived from dietary berries and supply a wide range of health and nutritional values to cancer patients (Garland et al. (2006); Brown et al. (2015). Garland et al. (2006) establish that berries can perform attenuation of inflammatory cells, inhibition of angiogenesis processes, and the protection and restriction of DNA damage. Advanced oncological studies on the dietary impacts of berries on cancer patients show that they bear bio-compounds and chemical properties, enabling apoptosis. Boath et al. (2012), Brown et al. (2012), Brown et al. (2014) support that phenolic acids and polyphenols found in berries enable apoptosis at the cellular level, thereby affecting the growth and proliferation of malignant cells in the body. Cancer is, by its adverse impact on the human population, a global health threat and problem warranted by high mortality and disability rates associated with different cancer forms (Garland et al. .2006). There are different types of cancers, with the leading cancer types being cervical cancer in females and colon cancer in males. Johnson et al. (2013), Garland et al. (2006), Solan et al. (2013) annotate that cancer revers as one of the frontier and leading mortality and morbidity sources. In 2013 alone, an estimated 14.9 million new cases were reported worldwide, and approximately 8.45million deaths from cancer (Solan et al. 2013). Garland et al. (2006), Solan et al. (2013), place the health burden and threat of cancer by postulating that progressive incidence models show the possibility of a 70% incidence rate of cancer by 2034. Therefore, there is an urgent need to mitigate cancer using best-fit approaches.
Antioxidant effect of polyphenols after in vitro digestion
According to Hall et al. (2019), Brown et al. (2014), oregano phenolic compounds are potent for their anti-inflammatory attributes that have been studied and confirmed. However, the potency and effect of phenolic antioxidants are believed to be affected after ingestion. The reason for the interference of the antioxidant potency of berries and other oregano phenolic comes from the gastrointestinal environment. From various clinical assessment reports the main antioxidant compounds found in berries are chlorogenic acid, scutellarein, apigenin-7-glucoside, luteolin, luteolin-7-glucoside, phloridzin. Hall et al. (2019), Brown et al. (2014) elaborate that the antioxidant compounds found in berries are also affected in vitro GI process. Brown et al. (2015) confirm that phenolic compounds found in berries are affected by in vitro digestion. Essentially, the pH changes inactive in vitro and renders the antioxidant capacity of berries to reduce. The action of gastrointestinal enzymes on berries modifies and affects the bioavailability and inflammatory potency of phenolics.
According to Hall et al. (2019), Brown et al. (2014), a wide range of studies from in vitro, in vivo, and human arrays confirm the critical value of diet in cancer risk reduction. Dietary recommendations of fruits and vegetables form a crucial consideration of dietary practices for cancer management. Among fruits, berries are widely preferred and denoted to offer effective cancer risk management and reduction prospects. Boath et al. (2012) further confirm that dietary fruits rich in phytochemicals, phenolic acid, and polyphenols are among the most viable cancer management nutritional sources.
Kopec et al. (2016), Ali et al. (2012), Wei et al. (2018), Jara-Palacios et al. (2019), Jamila et al. (2020) explore the value of bioactive compound found in berries and establishes that the correlative properties of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation make them ideal cancer management dietary considerations. Biochemical compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and phytochemicals found in berries help supply cellular action processes that suppress the overall impact of cancer cells. Gill et al. (2010), Brown et al. (2012) suggest that berries have cyto-cellular genome capabilities, meaning that berries can actively contribute to genomic processes of the DNA formation, replication and repair actions. The chemical properties and bioactive composition of berries make them ideal oncologic inhibitors that suppress cancer actions using initiation, promotion, and progression of anti-carcinogenic interactions at biological and cellular levels (Wei et al.2018; Jara-Palacios et al.2019).
The anti-carcinogenic supporting properties of berries from their chemical and bioactive compounds constitution help reduce cancer risks among humans. McDougall (2016), Brown et al. (2014) elaborate that a combination of cellular targeting mechanisms from berries provides for risk modulation for cancer impacts. The antioxidant power found in berries provides for a wide range of health benefits such as reduction in chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy and obesity suppression among others form the beneficial outputs derivable from dietary berries (McDougall et al. 2014). Poor dietary practices noted in a majority of populations warrants as a possible source of proliferation in cancer incidences in the world. McDougall (2016) documents that good dietary practices that suppress cancer incidence probability negate the propagation of systemic prospects such as obesity, high cholesterol, and cellular process abnormalities that generate carcinogenic cells in humans. McDougall et al. (2014), Hall et al. (2019) contradict the value placed on dietary berries as potential cancer restrictive sources by establishing that there is no definitive etiological scheme through which cancer is instigated and developed. However, epidemiological arrays show that prevention and management of cancer can be attained through good dietary practices.
Brown et al. (2015), Cozzi et al. (2013) confirm that a wide range of in vitro studies detailing on berry extract and their biochemical properties in humans exists. However, a limited in vivo studies profile that details on the morph-chemical and etiological significance of berries as dietary treatment and management sources of cancer exist globally. Brown et al. (2014), Brown et al. (2015) establish that while in vitro studies on edible berries biochemical properties show anti-carcinogenic supporting properties of berries, there is a missing link in accounting for the specific quantity levels required to instigate a good cancer prevention action scheme. It is critical to extend the assessment of berries as anti-cancer dietary suppliers to account for precise dietary levels and systemic quantities required to instigate full anti-cancer development effects in humans effectively.
According to Ellsworth et al. (2012), Boath et al. (2012), Johnson et al. (2013), berries show potentiality in areas of chemoprevention and cancer prognosis optimization. Nonetheless, there is a gap in precise chemical composition and constitution levels per part of systemic fluid or blood in humans required to effectively promote chemoprevention and cancer prognosis optimization (Boath et al. .2012; Johnson et al. 2013). The importance of clearly having the chemical level composition for optimal action of dietary berries in managing cancer is to aid in the replication of supplementary doses. Such supplements can assist in delivering direct anti-carcinogenic attributes in the human body.
According to Juttelstad (2010), Kopec et al. (2016), Kyselka et al. (2017), the health benefits associated with dietary berries provide hope in the potential utilization of berries in managing cancer incidences in humans. The composition of berries with relevance to anti-carcinogenic include phytochemicals, antioxidants, and phenolic compounds. These biochemical compounds found in berries are believed to offer protection and modulation against cancer and other chronic diseases. Kopec et al. (2016), Kyselka et al. (2017) establish that berries contain phenolic acids such as: tannins (proanthocyanidins, ellagitannins), stilbenes (resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceatannol), flavonoids (anthocyanins, flavonols, catechins), lignans, hydroxycynnamic acid and hydroxybenzoic acid. These biochemical elements and compounds actively execute cancer protective mechanisms and actions at cellular and molecular levels in humans.
McDougall (2016) annotates that apart from cancer protection actions in cells, berries also shows a rich action mechanism of chemoprevention. The process of chemoprevention suppress malignant cells from proliferating in the body through polyphenol compounds like resveratrol, flavopiridol, ellagic acid, and anethole (McDougall et al. (2014). McDougall et al. (2014), Muhammad Shahid et al. (2018) justify that inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway in humans through translocation or signal dropping provide for chemoprevention action mechanisms in humans.
Muhammad Shahid et al. (2018) confirm that apart from the translocation and signal cascading, other inference mechanisms at the genomic level are binding of dimmers and basal transcription action. Of the different biochemical derived from berries, anethole, and Resveratrol bear AP-1 inhibiting capabilities (Szopa et al. 2017; McDougall et al. 2014; Muhammad Shahid et al. 2018). Additionally, AP-1 inhibition by phenols and phenolic acids found in berries causes the modulation of genes associated with apoptosis and regeneration of genomic elements. The control of the AP-1 synapse by the biochemical found in berries helps promote the metastasis process essential in tumor cells transition from epithelial to mesenchymal morphology (McDougall et al. 2014). The action of retrogressive regeneration through interference is an aspect of berries supply and aid in cancer management.
According to Costa et al. (2015), flavopiridol and resveratrol are found in berries, and like other phenolic compounds, they retro-regulate the apoptosis process through protein suppression. The nodes of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL found in oncologic cellular lines are the precise points of action for the retro-genesis apoptosis process that reduces cancer cell proliferation. An et al. (2019) further corroborates the findings of Costa et al. (2015) by establishing that phytochemicals like indole-3-carbinol, curcuminoids and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) collectively bear the ability of acting as suppressors of the Akt activation. The suppression of Akt activation causes a feedback mechanism in the body through the central nervous system (CNS), creating anti-carcinogenic signaling (Hall et al. 2019). It is due to this ability that berries are classified as anti-cancer dietary groups.