Annotated Bibliography on Biology
Genetics
Kunkle, B., Grenier-Boley, B., & Sims, R. (2019). Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease recognizes multiple loci of risk and includes treatment of Aβ, tau, immunity and lipids. Nat Genet, 414-430, 51(3). DOI DOI: 10.1038 / s41588-019-0358-2
This article aimed to classify the LOAD risk loci of Alzheimer’s infection by conducting a expansive genome-wide relationship of clinically diagnosed LOAD meta-analysis of 901005 individuals. The findings approved 20 past LOAD risk loci. They revealed five new genome-wide loci two of which were accounted for in an on-going genome-wide relationship of Alzheimer’s or dementia-by-family-proxy. Great planning of the human leukocyte antigen area distinguished the haplotype HLA-DR15 of neurological and immune intervened infection as a hazard factor for LOAD. Examination of the pathway included tau binding proteins, lipid metabolism, immunity, and amyloid precursor protein metabolism, indicating that hereditary variations affecting APP and Aβ creation are not just connected with early autosomal prevailing Alzheimer’s ailment, yet additionally with LOAD. Risk gene and pathway investigation demonstrated improvement for rare variations showing that extra rare variations despite everything should be distinguished.
Vocabulary
- Protein precursor, also referred to as a pro-protein, is an inactive protein (or peptide) that can be converted into an active form through post-translational alteration.
- Binding protein is any protein that acts as a binding agent between two or more molecules.
- An antigen is a toxin or other unfamiliar substance foreign substance that causes an reaction in the body, especially antibody production.
- Locus is a specific, fixed situation on a chromosome that contains a particular gene or hereditary marker.
Further hypothesis
A further area of Alzheimer’s research is whether genetic associations exist between Alzheimer’s illness and characteristics such as dementia family history. The benefit of this additional work would promote disease prevention and early diagnosis.
Evolution and diversity of life
Camprubi, E., Raulin, F., Russell, M., & Spang, A. (2019). The Emergence of Life. Science Reviews, 215(6).
This article aimed to provide the reader with a summary of the various possible life emergence scenarios, to analyze them objectively, and to draw rational conclusions. Rather than suggesting a specific and unambiguous cradle of life on Earth explicitly, the authors concentrate on explaining the various conditions that are potentially important for the transition from non-life to life. From a geological, biological, and chemical viewpoint, they approach this subject to provide integrative answers. The article reflects on the origins’ most prominent hypotheses and assesses whether they conform to the abiogenic requirements listed above. The authors address whether the conditions for abiogenesis in any of the icy oceanic moons are/were met based on the conclusions drawn.
Vocabulary
- The biosphere is a global ecosystem consisting of living organisms and the abiotic factors from which energy and nutrients are obtained
- Adaptation: The alteration or modification of an organism ‘s conduct, and physiology, to become more suitable for its surroundings.
- Mutation: Change of one or more nucleotides in DNA sequence
- Natural selection: Differential endurance and reproduction of species emerging arising from the environmental qualities.
- Selective breeding: purposeful reproduction of living beings with ideal traits and produce desirable qualities that humans commonly regard as attractive
Further hypothesis
Similar processes may lead to independent life origins on the solar system’s several icy moons.
Facts of life: Cell biology
Song, D., Yang, D., Powell, C., & Wang, X. (2019). Cell-cell communication: old mystery and new opportunity. Cell Biology And Toxicology, 35(2), 89-93. doi: 10.1007/s10565-019-09470-y
The article focuses on the nature of cell-cell signaling and its recognition as part of the developmental biology, carcinogenesis, and organ dysfunction molecular mechanisms. The authors reveal that the complexity involves associations between various cells and between connecting cells, to protect the miniaturized scale natural hemostasis in a particular zone. Song et al., 2019 concentrate on the various functions of cell-cell interaction in the complexity and heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment, and tumor recurrence and metastasis. The article concludes that the cell-cell contact breakdown compromises of retinal homeostasis; this is achieved through modifying the genetic expression of connexin leading to cell apoptosis and the blood-retinal boundary breakdown.
Vocabulary
- Cellular heterogeneity refers to the cell-to-cell variations driven by stochastic molecular interactions, and cell differentiation triggered by sound.
- Cell signaling refers to an extensive communication network between every cell of our body, and within it.
- Ligands are signal molecules that cause process modulation within cells by binding to receptors.
- Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from the nerve cell through a chemical synapse to another target neuron.
Further hypothesis
Cell-cell communication is a practical approach for a deep understanding of sub-atomic systems of cell-cell cooperation describing cell to cell signal networks, and identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets unique to cell function.
Ecology and the environment
McCallen, E., Knott, J., Nunez‐Mir, G., Taylor, B., Jo, I., & Fei, S. (2019). Trends in ecology: ecological research trends changes over the last four decades. Frontiers In the Environment And Ecology, 17(2), 109-116. doi: 10.1002 / fee.2009
The article deals with the analysis of patterns in ecological science. McCallen et al., 2019 used machine learning techniques recently developed to carry out do a computerized content examination on more than 84,841 papers distributed in 33 highest level logical diaries in the course of recent decades. They observed a considerable decrease in the general recurrence of customary hypothetical exploration and expanded information serious work on miniaturized scale and full scale scales and anthropogenic subjects. Spread around the edges of the developing topical space, subjects, for example, microbial environment, hereditary qualities, biogeochemistry, and the management and strategies have all expanded. The authors concluded that the area of ecology would better tackle social issues with new instructive and exploration frameworks, as well as funding priorities.
Vocabulary
- Biomagnification is the mechanism by which certain substances in a food chain or food system increase in concentration
- Climax community refers to a plant and animal group that is known to be healthy because the members of that group are ideally suited to the standard conditions in their environment.
- Coevolution refers to the evolution of one species concerning or reaction to the evolution of another species or group of species that interact closely.
- The ecosystem is a concept that describes both biotic and abiotic things at a given place.
- Exponential growth refers to a rise in population size at a rate proportional to population size.
Further hypothesis
Ecological research is moving towards areas heavily dependent on large, complex datasets and specialized technology.
Virology
Tariq, A., Roosa, K., Mizumoto, K., & Chowell, G. (2019). Assessing reporting delays and the effective reproduction number: The Ebola epidemic in DRC, May 2018–January 2019. Epidemics, 26, 128-133. doi: 10.1016/j.epidem.2019.01.003
The article was intended to determine the effect of the delays in reporting. Tariq et al., 2019 conducted a constant investigation of the elements of the continuous flare-up of Ebola in the DRC utilizing epidemiological information from the Records of Situation and Disease Outbreak News of the World Health Organization. Unpredictable patterns in reporting delays, reporting-delay modified incidences, and disease curves of crude, were dissected, and alterations in the effective reproduction number,. As of 15 January 2019, the Democratic Republic of Congo confirmed 663 cases of Ebola. The cumulative delay in reporting showed a decrease of 81.1 percent from an aggregate of 17.4 weeks. he most recent investigation of DRC’s Ebola pandemic proposed that the Ebola infection was as yet dynamic while a low fluctuating number of reproductions marks the transmission.
Vocabulary
- Epidemiology refers to the study of the distribution and determinants in particular populations of health-related conditions or incidents, and the application of this research to monitor health problems.
- Epidemic refers to more disease cases than predicted for a prolonged period in a given region or within a specific group of people.
- Analytic epidemiology is an area of epidemiology concerned with the analysis of causes and effects linked to health.
- Death-to-case ratio refers to the number of deaths due to a particular disease over a given period measured by the number of new cases diagnosed in that disease during the same period.
Further Hypothesis
An epidemic can be effectively controlled, especially in unpredictable epidemiological reconnaissance techniques frustrated by local area instability.