MENTAL DISORDER AND VICTIMIZATION
Past Research has stated that people associated with mental disorders and intellectually disabled are highly mistaken for crimes both as culprits and victims. The minimal prior studies conducted on criminology under the topic of persons with intellectual disability shows that there is much focus on the obsolete retrospective individual-report data that depend on the individual remembering incidences and judging if a crime was committed. Mental disorder or disability is associated with intellectual impairments, and critical challenges in performing daily tasks and communication (Chopin and Beauregard, 2019, p: 120) Victimization is defined as the aspect of being a victim any brutal unruly behavior. Victimization is expanded in two distinctive branches, violent and nonviolent Victimization. Violent Victimization involves being a victim of aggressive, violent acts like being murdered, a deadly encounter with someone with a gun, knife, metal, and rape. NonviolentNonviolent Victimization involves being threatened, bitten, and beaten. There have been findings from study and Research that people with mental disorder and illness are likely to get involved in violence if they don’t get prompt and early adequate psychiatric treatment (Öğülmüş et al. 2020, P:4). Typically, prevention is better than cure, and I think there should be an intense emphasis on early intervention attempts concerning mental health.
Routine Activities Theory elaborates Victimization on the interaction point of a victim in the absence of a well able defender and a determined offender. The theory further states that similarity in Victimization is familiar to people with an ordinary life routine and lifestyles since they are exposed to the same environment and risks (Lombardi et al. 2019, p: 50). Research has also identified that close people mostly do Victimization on persons with mental disorders to the victims. There is little disclosure on the relationship between Victimization and gender on persons with a mental disorder. Males with mental disabilities are more exposed to Victimization than females.
On the other hand, the feminine gender with a mental disorder is weaker to violent and sexual offending while the male is prone to physical violence. They are highly exploited and taken advantage of. Unfortunately, there are no official records of Victimization; abuse and sexual Victimization, yet such case is notably high. Comorbidities have significantly increased the chances of Victimization and offending to the mentally disabled group. The study has proven that people with mental and intellectual disorders are in danger of increased sexual abuse and violence (Tripodi et al. 2019, P:1220). People with mental disabilities have been marginalized, thus making them vulnerable to offending and Victimization. The latter case is more eminent in the presence of comorbidities. I believe that society can do something towards curbing the level of discrimination among the intellectually disabled group because every ten people 2 have a family member with schizophrenic.
A case example of a mental disorder and Victimization is a rape case. Rape victims, in most cases, suffer from severe trauma. Rape assault is associated with shock, denial, anger, confusion, guilt, and humiliation. The bitter rape effects are more severe and dangerous to people with mental disorders. It is hard to seek justice for people with a mental disorder who are rape victims since they don’t trust anyone neither the court systems.
In most cases, victims with an intellectual disability might not expose or even mention their condition since Victimization tends to normalize shameful crimes like rape. A general problem for victimized individuals when reporting offenses is the anxiety of retaliation (Grounds, 2019, P:250). Prospect offenders are likely to aim at individuals with mental disabilities since they are less likely to report the offense to the authorities. Individuals with the mental disorder might have paranoia to police and sheriffs in uniform or even court chambers. Research has proven that sexual assault victims who have intellectual incapacity experience profound psychopathology effects than assaulted ones. Sexual violence on the mentally disabled shows that blaming the victim is a cover-up for subhuman Behavior (Lombardi et al. 2019, p: 51). On rape, which is an act of sexual violence, there is a widespread outcry of always blaming the victim. I think that the illogical twist of events convicts’ victims as offenders.
To anyone who has experienced rape, a stranger or a familiar offender has actively performed an aggressive act that is unwelcomed. Blaming the victim for indecent or wrong clothes is nothing more than justifying the assault. There is no substantial evidence that one is likely to be raped because of wearing the clothes termed “wrong.” It is worth emphasizing that the primary drive for most sexual violence crimes is power but not attraction. Most rapes are associated with perpetrators who have pre-thought of the crime. Only 8% of rapes are done by culprits who are strangers. Due to the high stigma against an intellectual illness that is often misunderstood, justice and rights they entitled to have been neglected by many. Individuals with mental disorders are stigmatized and feared because of a stereotype that they “dragonized” as violent.
Most importantly, one doesn’t have control over mental illness, and its cure is not instant. In that case, one cannot blame a woman with a mental disorder when she gets raped. The rape incidence has nothing to do with her mental illness. Sexual violence against people with mental disorders is a grave global health alert that yearns for recovery and intervention from the community. Media tend to worsen the aspect of community exclusion of the intellectually disabled people from the constant preoccupation with violence risk. I tend to believe media has immense attributes to perpetual cycles of Victimization.
The main factors linked to Victimization are; influence from a substance, young age, new records of violence perpetration, acute symptomatology, male gender, homelessness, and criminal history. People with a mental disorder are mostly victims of crime than culprits. Patients with mental illness are likely to be mistaken for crimes due to their impairment that is significant from disarranged thoughts, higher impulsivity, and unfortunate problem solving and planning capability. This group is associated with factors that have no immunity to Victimization, such as social isolation, poverty, unemployment, abuse of substance, unsafe milieu, and troubled relationships. This group has most of its numbers living in areas associated with crimes, thus presenting a high chance of being victimized (Lombardi et al. 2019, p: 53). However, people with mental illness that perpetrate crimes are highly victimized than the sober group in the community due to discerned impairment. To some extreme extent, victimized individuals feel unsafe and threatened that they comfort by committing crimes. The past minimal studies conducted on penology under the topic of persons with intellectual disability shows Victimization on patients with mental illness exacerbates the preexisting schizophrenic symptoms, overwhelming mental health facilities and services, and substantially lower quality of life. There has been a growing rate of Victimization among the mentally disabled, from as little as 4.5% to 42.6%. Research has confirmed that violent Victimization has higher cases than a nonviolent one. I strongly agree with the latter statement on Research, because there are few reported cases on non-violence even from the better in the society.
Individuals with schizophrenic conditions that lived in the streets are highly victimized by the fact that they are prone to manipulation in crime perpetration. Homeless individuals with psychiatric disorders have more severe symptomatology that drives them to dangerous situations. There is an acute post-traumatic stress disorder to most of rape victims. Statistics have indicated that 31% of rape victims uncontrollably fall into post-traumatic stress disorder, where 11% of them don’t free themselves from the disease. Generally, rape victims are bothered and troubled by relatives having known about it, hugely being blamed for their perfect encounter, the publication of their names or even identity, becoming pregnant, and contracting HIV&AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases. Due to the high rate of stigma prevalence, the justice system should maneuver about with sexual assault cases upholding high levels of confidentiality. Globally, sexual violence and rape are the most under-reported crimes. I believe that sexual violence and rape victims are afraid of insecurity, getting into trouble, Victimization, and being doubted.
Becoming a crime victim is an awful unwanted experience. The impact of crime victimization runs deep than barely thought of (Lombardi et al. 2019, p: 55). Victims get into depression and a state of anger, fear, shock, and anxiety. Crime victims suffer from draining and devastating emotional, psychological, physical, and financial implications. The common societal reaction of rape and sexual assault cases is a justification of the aggressive Act that is unwelcomed to the victims. In instances of individual crimes, the number of Victimization is proportionate to the number of victims involved. The unresolved stigma attached to mental health challenges hinders the development and implementation of policy that guard Victimization to mentally disabled individuals. Shame is the mother of exclusion and discrimination to intellectual incapacity group in the society (Portnoy et al. 2020, P:176). Stigma poisons someone’s self-esteem and relationship with family, crippling their ability to socialize and get home and jobs. In extreme cases, stigmatization has contributed hugely towards the abuse of human rights, especially at the institutional level. On 15th January of 2005, the World Health Organization and European legislative and mental health officials passed a Mental Health Declaration and Action Plan for Europe that guarded mental health policies. I tend to conclude that many continents have neglected the Act since most of them are recording an increasing rate of Victimization apart from some European countries.
Statistically, poor mental health is eminent to one of four people around the globe. The situation has currently exacerbated due to tough social-economic times across the world. Intellectual disability is a substantial loss in a country’s productivity, and it lags the economy of a nation because it is associated with the high cost of service and treatment. Health ministries and justice systems are at the forefront of the Declaration and Action Plan for Mental Disorder Act. However, this Act cannot be implemented without unceasing support from finance ministries, educational, housing, employment, and social ministries. Indeed the following departments stepping on board would give substantial positive progress in the relationship of crime and mental disorder. Health ministries and justice systems have a vital duty of raising awareness and emphasizing the many benefits that would accrue from the Declaration Action Plan for Mental Disorder to other supporting ministries. This will be a vigilant struggle against the cognitive thoughts of intellectual disability in governments and large organizations (Craig et al., 2019, P:230). To yield impressive success, the fight must be extended to the private sectors and volunteers. There is a dare need for a collectively built policy structure by7 the World Health Organization, health ministries, and the justice systems that foster undivided attention to mental health and Victimization. The policy structure and Act should create awareness of the benefits of intellectual well-being. Aggressive fight on Victimization, stigma, inequality, and discrimination (Zara et al. 2019, P:1300). The structure should also touch on established strategy to empower and support the mentally disabled who are victims of violent and nonviolent crimes. Besides, there should be a designed strategy for mental disorder prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, promotion, care, and recovery. The Act should relatively address the need for productive and competent workforce for implementation and execution. It is incumbent upon World Health Organization to suggest a Declaration Action Plan for Mental Disorder that aims to create long-term relationships, partnerships, leadership, and coordination with agencies, organizations, and countries around the globe that would positively influence mental disorder. I strongly agree that synergy efforts are likely to give powerful and significant results.
Globally, nations should adopt the policy structure and initiate support, Research, evaluation and dissemination of the stated actions on mental disorder and Victimization. They should amend accordingly relating to their constitutional stipulations laws against sexual violence and rape. Although the attitude towards mental disability, depression, and dementia, has recently changed, the cognitive impairment of intellectual ill people as violent, aggressive has increased by colossal percent to the general population (Connolly, 2020, P:17). Most people don’t understand that substance abuse and alcohol abuse are scientifically classified as mental disorders. Abuse of substance and alcohol by intellectual disabled accelerates the level of Victimization. The abuse of alcohol and substance worsens Victimization among the mentally disabled. Besides, there are critical societal consequences that accrue from abuse of either alcohol or substance. There are distinct relations of alcohol with depression, aggression, violence, and schizophrenia. Consumption of an enormous amount of alcohol can lead to depression. Depression leads to alcohol-use disorders (Harris et al. 2020, P:626). One who is addicted to alcohol is likely to exhibit schizophrenic symptoms, and schizophrenic individual presents signs of alcohol dependency. Drink is renowned for accelerating violent crimes and huge attributions to aggression. Although most of the legislative bodies have regulations to alcohol consumption, I feel that much should be done that is likely to control individual Behavior towards alcohol.
Extreme cases of Victimization from sexual assault can cause suicidal thoughts or even suicide itself. Suicide is a personal tragedy and a severe public health problem. The current global rate of men and women suicide cases is around 60%. Most of the facts, like 21% of them are attributed to Victimization. The young and middle aged of the male gender from the mental disabled group have higher chances of committing suicide due to Victimization. Victimization can cause mental disorders even to one did not have intellectual disability. This is due to the increased opportunities of psychological self-destruction. There has been a preexisting contentious feelings on the relationship between mental disorder and Victimization. Recently a breakthrough has been noticed since policy development, and implementation are advocated for by many globally. There has been a controversial approach on the problem. One, widespread of offending Behavior in the population of people with mental disorders and the pervasive mental disorder within the offending community. Research digs further into, susceptibility, psychosocial disadvantage, special treatment, neglect to the sexual assault victimized group in the society as well as their mental health issues. In all criminal justice system stages the issue of intellectual disability, has summarized laws and policies to deal with it (Presser, and Sandberg, 2019, p:131) Research on the offending Behavior that is common within the mental disabled group is minimal although challenging and uneasy behaviors can lead to an encounter with the system. I think substantial efforts should be channeled to adolescents and young adults who have genetic attributes to depression, dementia and schizophrenic to prevent mental disorder related issues.
There is a dare need of establishing awareness of mental incapacity amongst veterans in the criminal justice system and their understanding of the persons, either as victims, suspects, accused and witnesses. Professionals in the criminal judiciary system have recently reported a common encounter with alleged crime perpetrators or suspects with mental disability. They unanimously agree to the importance of identifying the mentally disabled at the initial stages of criminal proceedings (Mulvey et al. 2020, P:690). What is more disturbing being that cases amongst intellectual disabled are mostly on sexual violence and rape, which are growing at a high rate in countries like Norwegian criminal justice systems? Basically, mental disabled people who offend are historically disadvantaged by Victimization and a broad range of psychological, physical and social factors. The common social factors include, non- violent Victimization like being beaten, bitten or being threatened by a gun, loneliness, a history of substance or alcohol abuse. The historical profile of many intellectual disabled patients add to the difficulty of giving timely care and treatment to the group. Study has confirmed that there is a huge number from the mental disabled population whose needs go unnoticed (Presser, and Sandberg, 2019, p:132). Most of are victims of perpetrated crimes or even witnesses. They are apprehended by police, arraigned in court, charged and sentenced without anyone noticing of their disability. The mental disabled people; appear vulnerable because they are less likely to understand their legal rights. Out of Victimization they are likely to make decisions don’t guard their rights as suspects and defendants. Therefore, logically there is a high probability of being acquiescent and suggestible. From my point of view there are eminent problems to victims that is attributed by ignorance in the judiciary system thus heightening the level of Victimization.
Although the police in the criminal justice system have a responsibility of investigating all criminal offences, they are not immune to the stereotype and discerned impairments accrued to intellectual disabled (Wolff, et al. 2020, P:385) A substantial percentage of their investigations lead to arrest of suspects. The mental disabled people, who might have paranoia on police may display characteristics of culprits. The suspect’s psychological capacity and state will proportionately be exhibited from an arrest when there are allegations of committing an offence. People with mental disability who violate the law are apprehended as normal people would be by the criminal justice system though they are likely to have been victimized for the crime before (Daigle et al. 2020, P:914). This scenario is more prevalent in violent and nonviolentnonviolent victimized crimes. Thus, they appear in tension and confusion. Right to silence and the three legal rights are applicable to all suspects including the mental disabled ones. However, these rights apply to suspects who are diligently aware of them (Maeder et al. 2020, P:10156).The rest especially the victimized intellectual disabled have their rights abused. This has brought a lot of conflicting constructions of mental disorder in the legal system. The legal system is adamant in amending laws and judiciary process for the victimized group with mental disorder. They assume the group especially ones alleged with sexual assault crimes or victims of the same because they finding lame factors to lurk under the favor of law. I tend to think that gender discrimination and biasness among the intellectual disabled people has exacerbated the level of Victimization in various crimes.
The existence of individuals with mental disability as crime witnesses and victims is taxing to the criminal justice system. The intellectual disabled victims and witnesses are subjected to unnecessary questioning. The criminal justice system has a demanding time of dealing with the missing and erroneous information from perpetrators, suspects and victims with mental disability. This appeal for an overhaul in the judicial policy on vulnerable offenders, victims and witnesses in crimes (Holt et al. 2020, P:190). Evidently there is little knowledge on suspects and victims with mental disorder by the professional in the criminal justice system. Sexual assault related crimes have a high frequency of purported perpetrators who have mental disorder. Due to high level of Victimization associated with the crime most individuals with mental disorder are likely to suspected of the crime. This faulty judgement on individuals with intellectual disorder is justified by the cognitive view and take about mental disabled offenders (McClanahan and South. 2020, p:23). Thanks to the invention forensic examination that has saved many of intellectual disabled suspects from imprisonment. Recently there has been an automatic grant to forensic examination to intellectual disabled suspects for contentious crimes like sexual assault and rape (Guerra and Ingram, 2020, P:10). Although, the strategy is not effective and efficient since victimized mental disabled individuals display characters of perpetrators, there are worth notable drastic changes. Significant figure of sentence individuals with mental illness go unnoticed because forensics veterans and media reveal cognition of a more deviating intellectual functioning. Article 12 of CRPD elaborates the right to equal discernment before the law and the right to exploit legal capacity. I feel that there has been milestone improvements in policies guarding mental disorder and Victimization though not yet enough.
People with either mild or severe mental illness, are at a risk of becoming crime victims. Victims with mental disabilities face procedural, attitudinal and practical hurdles within the justice system. They are faced with multiple obstacles in expressing their rights on the risk to secondary Victimization (Curry, and Zavala, 2020. P:500) Most cases rape victims who are mentally disabled don’t understand the criminal justice process and the proceedings. Besides they hardly comprehend the standard system requirements and expectations and the effect of prejudices pertaining mental disabilities (McClanahan and South. 2020, p:14). On the other hand, the criminal justice system has limited scope of knowledge on the following; identification of individuals with mild and severe intellectual disabilities, inadequate knowledge on the consequences of mental disorder and the victimization issues related to accepting and accessing support by the mentally disabled people. The barriers in the criminal justice system increase vulnerability of persons with mental disorder to secondary Victimization (Daigle and Teasdale, 2020, P:85). European Union has given out directive, that minimum standards should be established on the support, rights and protection of witnesses and victims with mental disorder to be individually assessed to detect their risk to secondary Victimization. Victimization is rarely recognized by victims themselves or even by the people around them (Moosavi,2019, p: 260). Many people are not aware that Victimization causes a change of Behavior of people with intellectual disabilities. Crime incidents involving individuals with mental disorder are labelled differently. What is an assault to a mentally normal person may be referred to as an abuse in case of an individual with mental disability? In context of sexual violence, for intellectual disabled persons sexual abuse is applied instead of intense words like rape or indecent assault. The criminal justice system has prevailing challenges in dealing with intellectual disabled sexual abuse victims since they have unpredictable ability to deal with relationships. From my point of view Victimization has no major difference from criminology because there are precepts of law violation in Victimization.
In conclusion, prevention and effective management of Victimization is initiated with assertive strategies in mental health care. Also the aspect of substance use management and alcohol dependency should not be left out when dealing with mental disorder and Victimization. Interventions and programs that aim at preventing Victimization to individuals with mental disordered should be adopted so as to curb Victimization (Perrotta, 2020, P:24). There should be advocated screening of Victimization on mental disabled patient that is regularly done and monitored. Post-traumatic stress disorder which is common to victimized individual should be probed into since it leads to symptomatology. This can consecutively result to treatment that is impaired. The programs should focus the vulnerable group to Victimization (Moosavi,2019, p: 257) This group include the homeless, patients living under low socioeconomic status, patients with severe symptomology, and the patients who happen to have comorbid substance abuse (McClanahan and South. 2020, p:4). Authorities should put in place definitive measures that distinguished between violent and nonviolentnonviolent victimized patients so that treatment and care is addressed effectively. There should be laws and policy that support and protect the legal rights of the intellectual disabled once they are apprehended. Offenders who have mental disorder should be assessed for any historical incidences of Victimization on the crime they have perpetrated. Government and organization that might have an influence in mental health should work collaboratively against stigma, discrimination and society exclusion of people with mental disorder. The criminal justice systems should aim at eradicating the cognitive impairments of victims and suspects with intellectual disability in crime proceedings (Walsh, and Poole, 2019, P:20). There should be policy that protect the mentally disabled population in the society from impaired cognitive judgment. The government should work towards promoting physical and psychological well-being of all its citizens. Mental disability is an uncontrollable state that can happen from childhood or even at adulthood. There should collaborative efforts of putting common stereotype to mental disorder and Victimization to a cessation.
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