2.0 Introduction

2.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the literature review, theoretical model on web-based technology use by the

police officers, other players in the business, and service-oriented institutions. Web-based technology

comprises applications in social network sites, including voice calls, text, emails, tracking

devices, and other social media platforms. Web-based technology is one form of information

communication technology (ICT) that is newly adopted and used by the police organization

in all aspects of crime prevention. These may be useful tools in crime prevention if the police

officer’s perception and behaviors are intrinsically motivated toward adopting it in crime

prevention. The literature  is based on police institutions and organization that applied Web-based

Technology Acceptance Models (WB-TAM) in their selected technologies and their findings

on the perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU) concerning their

perception and behavior. The chapter explores how the WB-TAM influenced the police

officers’ usage of web-based applications in their core mandate of

law and order maintenance.

2.1 Information Technology Use in Social Life and Crime Prevention

Ariffin, Solemon, Bakar (2016) observed that information communication technology (ICT)

the technological revolution has involuntarily changed the way people share and disseminate

information. Today, information sharing has been made possible globally. People are

empowered to contribute skills, knowledge, and expertise regardless of their physical location.

People’s role has now shifted from being solely information consumers to both information

consumers and producers as web-based devices get more affordable to many. The number of

smartphone owners is also tremendously increasing, and it’s hugely expected by 2018, 2.83

billion people in the world will own and use  smartphones according to a study by

eMarketer.com. The increasing number of mobile phones in the market has helped

expedite information dissemination among the crowd, including crime reporting. Ariffin

(2016) noted that few studies in Latin and Brazil had shown that web-based application does help in reducing the number of crime violence in the local area.

IT adoption is a process whereby a new technology in an organization is introduced to

enhance its products and services as observed by Bouw man, Van Den, Van De Wijngaert

(2015). The information technology (IT) adoption in the institution has its challenges

based on the two levels of the individual user and the organizational context, which are difficult to

fully understand due to its co-operation and uncertainty, as stated by Jokonya, (2015). These

two stages processes occur when the organization management has fully embraced the

technology use, and individual users’ have decided to use that technology in its service

delivery. The police officers in this study are the technology user,’ and their decision in using

this technology is pertinent in realizing the full potential in crime prevention at their

operational level. According to Bouwman et al. (2015), IT adoption in a given organization is

affected by its size, structure, and culture. Individual user demographic factors affect IT

adoption is age, gender, department, position, education, involvement in IT adoption, and the

number of years served in the organization.

Sago (2017) noted that social media had become an essential venue for marketers to reach

their audiences. Understanding factors that influence the adoption and frequency of

social media services can assist marketers in selecting social media to use and how to best

structure their social media content. The study examined factors impacting the adoption and

frequency of use of various social media services –: Facebook, Twitter, and Google+ – among

undergraduate university students 18 to 23 years old. The study found there was a positive

relationship between the frequency of use of social media and its perceived usefulness,

enjoyment, and perceived ease of use.

Technological advances in recent years have changed the nature of policing so significantly

that many methods and tools from just a decade ago have become antiquated and

incompatible with current technology (Goodison, Davis, & Jackson, 2015). Some of these

advances include location-monitoring devices for the tracking of high-rate offenders,

predictive analytics and crime mapping software for the deployment of officers into locations

that cause or are likely to cause crime, crime scene technology that enhances the collection

and processing of evidence, and interoperable Web-based and other communication devices

that facilitate connections between police and the communities they serve. As discussed by

Koper et al. (2015), research suggests that technological improvements have increased police capabilities, but it is not guaranteed that they have enabled law enforcement to do their jobs more effectively.

Few studies on police officers perceived use of these web-based applications in crime

prevention exist in developed countries and therefore based on the dynamism the technology

is expanding in our social sphere there is need to focus on the police officers perception and

behaviors in the developing countries rapidly adopting the web-based application to inform and benefit them in areas of decision making in different ranks of police service.

2.2 Web-based Technology Use by Police and Other Disciplines

Many scholars have studied on use of web-based technology by police in most countries in the

world, and this study has reviewed some empirical studies as follows:

Lindsay et al. (2019) did investigate the impact of web-based technology on a UK police force

and their knowledge of sharing processes. An ethnographic approach to the research was

adopted, using a mixed-method method of focus groups, questionnaires, observational

‘work shadowing’ and interviews with a total of 42 staff involved in a trial of web-based

technology. Findings from all methods were consistent and suggested that web-based technology

has a positive impact on policing and knowledge sharing. There was a positive impact on

knowledge sharing in the course of operational duties. Information and experience could be

shared more quickly with officers in the field, and web-based technology provided a new avenue

for keeping each other up to date with events. This study focused on web-based technology

and specifically on the use of web-based data terminal solutions on policing and not in perceived

ease of use of the web-based phones by the police in which this study investigated in Kenya.

Recent technological advances have much potential for improving police performance, but

there has been little research testing whether they have made police more effective in

reducing crime in the USA. According to Koper et al. (2015), they studied the uses and crime

control impacts of web-based computing technology in the context of geographically focused

“hot spots” patrols. An experiment was conducted using 18 crime hot spots in a suburban

jurisdiction. Nine of these locations were randomly selected to receive additional patrols over

11 weeks. The researchers studied officers’ use of web-based information technology (IT) during

the patrols using activity logs and interviews. Nonrandomized subgroup and multivariate

analyses were employed to determine if and how the effects of the patrols varied based on

these patterns. This study focused on police officers from the US, and it was found that web-based

information technology may have little if any measurable impact on officers’ ability to reduce

crime in the field. It emphasized on more significant training and emphasis on strategic uses of IT for

problem-solving and crime prevention, and more considerable attention to its behavioral effects on

officers which might enhance its application for crime reduction. Both technology and human

factors affect and transform one another in their performance. This study assessed how

Kenya police officers used the web-based phone in solving its crime prevention problem.

Sago (2018) conducted research and examined factors impacting the adoption and frequency

of use of various social media services (Facebook, Twitter, and Google+) among

undergraduate university students 18 to 23 years old. Self-administered questionnaires

yielded 195 completed surveys by traditional-age undergraduate university students. The

researcher used the technology acceptance model and studied perceived ease of use, enjoyment,

perceived usefulness, social media adoption, and frequency of use as variables. The research

findings included the positive relationship between the rate of use of social media and its

ease of use, enjoyment, and perceived usefulness.

Opportunities for further research include continued study of social media adoption and use

by other age groups across the United States and in other countries. Also, an

opportunity existed for analysis of adoption and methods of more niche/specialized social media

services, which this study sought to explore in the police service institution. This confirmed

social media offers an organization’s opportunity to engage with its customers in new

ways. Enhanced engagement between customers and businesses increases the chances that

customers will become more involved with the company and its brands (Smith & Zook,

2017). The police organization as a public service can engage their clients through social

media platform in a timely and direct manner with relatively low costs as noted by Kaplan and

Haenlein (2016). Smith and Zook (2017) also indicated that social media is essential because it

lets customers communicate with each other, and organizations communicate (two-way) with

customers.

Dhume et al. (2014) studied the adoption of Social Media by Business Education Students by applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). They believed that a new communication platform, such as social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter, could be used to facilitate superior education. They studied the adoption of newer technology of Social Networking amongst the business students at NITIE, Mumbai (a premier MBA level B School in India). The study was carried out using online survey research amongst 145 students of MBA. The major findings of the study centered on the relationship between independent variables (Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness), Intervening Variable (Attitude) on Dependent Variable (Intention to Use). The study findings implied that, by understanding the Technology Adoption process in the background, the Practitioner could design effective strategies for promotion, diffusion, and acceptance of these powerful technologies, which can enhance the effectiveness of the learning and teaching process. These studies dealt with students and not the police officers who are required to serve the public. This study investigated how web-based technology used by the police in Nairobi, Kenya influenced crime prevention efforts.

Mobile phones use provided additional surveillance of the potential offenders, which, in

essence, has increased guardianship to the suitable targets of crime. They have increased the

likelihood of punishment as the potential victim can easily contact guardianship assistance

and have evidence to identify the offender and subsequent arrest and be punished. Police

personnel’s proximity to the crime deters its commission, but when the police are

not visible, the victim may incur costs trying to contact them. Many reports may fail to be

shared with police due to delay in time, and chances of offenders being arrested and being

penalized were minimal and discouraged the victims. Web-based phones allow quicker reporting

of crime and sometimes in real-time communication of details about crime and criminals.

Kavanaugh, Fox, Sheetz, Yang, Shoemaker, Xie (2016) notes that the environment where

the mobile phone is everywhere, the cost of reporting approaches zero opposing all the

problems of delay experienced there before the use of web-based phones. Offenders perceived

risks of apprehension were seen high when the victim has a mobile phone.

mobile phones lower the cost victims incur reporting crime. the mobile phone has improved the

likelihood of photographic images transmission, apprehension, prosecution, and conviction.

The victims’ phone provides evidence through various forms that should influence social

behaviors. Lewis and Lewis (2017) noted that online interactions seem to influence offline

thus, the sharing among the police on the online platform is also able to enhance the sharing

of knowledge. This is because technology has transformed how information is being

sought through practices, and communication routines affect criminal and victim behaviors.

Lewis and Lewis (2017) conducted digitalizing crime prevention theories on how technology

affects victim and offender behaviors. They studied the role that technology played in the

lives of those that may commit crimes or be victimized by digitizing crime

prevention theories. They sought to understand how technologies influence the lives of both potential

offenders and victims. They found examining technology influences information-seeking

practices and communication routines and predict criminal behaviors. The proposed

modifications to the framework to increase their use in predicting criminal behavior and

practical application. Web-based computing technology improves officers’ access to real-time data on crime and other events. It enhances timely deployment in the community, identifies persons, vehicles, places and hence improves both reactive and proactive fieldwork and officer’s ability to identify potential threats and risk, locate suspects in the criminal investigation, problem-solving capabilities and quality of information they may provide to the public, Consolvo, Klasnja, Mc Donald, Landay (2019).

The study’s focus was to assess how the use of web-based technology by police may reduce crime by identifying potential offenders and recidivism. Web-app use technology as a tool may deter effort in identifying and intervening in known criminal offenders and reducing the opportunity to commit the crime by improving police visibility and hardening the victim and the target. Dlodlo, Mbecke, Mofolo, and Mhlanga’s (2015) research on the internet of things in Community Safety and Crime Prevention for South Africa government is one of its major tasks on a year-to-year basis. It has used information and communications technologies (ICTs) to facilitate the process of finding solutions to crime. They used ICT subset named the internet of things and integrated it with biometric technologies in the fight against crime. They identified community safety, partnership with the police, and the internet of things as valuable tools in crime prevention. Kumbuti (2016) conducted a study on Nairobi city Kenya police level of technology application in detecting crimes. the study found that technology has not been used to improve efficiencies in crime detection. She recommended technology be used as a strategic management approach and be used as a tool in crime prevention and management. It never covered, in particular, the role the police do in utilizing the web-based phone to prevent crime. This study fills this gap by assessing the use of application of web-based applications in crime prevention. Quarshie (2014) studied African countries’ law enforcement officers’ utilization of information communication technology (ICT) in fighting crime. He assessed the ICT tools available to them and noted that Africa has not fully taken ICT advantage in crime prevention in contrast to developed countries. The study showed that tools such as CCTV technology, tracking technology, social media, and web-based technology are efficient in crime-fighting when the rate of crime is challenging to the law enforcement officers due to communication and commercial activities taking place on the internet. The mobile phones can alert homeowners on potential property crimes and automatically alert the police who may respond as crime is in progress. The study did not cover how Kenya police utilize web-based technology in crime prevention, which this study sought to ascertain.

Oduor, Acosta, Makhanu (2014) studied the adoption of Web-based Technology as a Tool for Situational Crime Prevention in Kenya. The study objective was to digitize police operations in Kenya and to develop a web-based application that the public can use to report criminal incidents to the police. This would aid the Kenyan public to report crimes to the nearest police station, receive alerts on new crime spot areas, query information about arrested individuals, and encourage community policing. The study used participatory observation and desktop research on various crime reports. Several interviews were also carried out with the Kenya police. A web application prototype for recording crimes, crime mapping, and report

generation was developed and deployed to the police for testing. The web-based application was

tested on different Android versions to ascertain the compatibility level. The devices used for

the testing included Samsung GT-S5570Mini Galaxy, Huawei Ideos, Techno Swipe, and

Samsung Galaxy SIII. The devices run Android OS from version 2.1.A web-based application

running on the Android platform was developed and given to a specific group of web-based

applications experts for testing. It found out the application of web-based technology in crime

prevention in Kenya is still a new field. However, it noted there was a need to train individual

police officers and public users on the usage of the application for its successful implementation. The study by Oduor (2014) did not apply TAM and nor assess how police officers perceived and how they used the web-based devices available to them in crime prevention.

2.3 Theoretical Models

2.3.1 Technology Acceptance Model

Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is an Information Systems Theory which shows

computer-based technology users come to accept and use it. Davis developed it

(2019) to explain computer usage behavior. It suggests that if users are presented with a new

software package, several factors will influence their decision on how and

when to use it. There exist other models that can also be used to predict and explain

why users accept or reject an information system such as Diffusion of Innovations Theory,

Concerns Based Adoption Model and Social Influence Theory, some of these theories and

models are complex in application than TAM. TAM is simple and robust enough as

a model and useful to explain users’ attitudes and behavior in social networking in crime

prevention, as noted by Dhume et al. (2014). The individual decision to adopt and use

technology is relevant to its usefulness in an organization. Its variation is based on

adaptations of the theories of reasoned and planned behavior to examine individual adoption

of information technology. TAM elements are perceived usefulness and ease of use, which

are relevant in capturing its usage contexts, as stated by Jokonya, (2015).

The intent to use adopted information technology is a valid predictor of the behavior of the user.

2.3.2 Technology Acceptance Model by Davis (2017)

Figure 2. 1: Technology Acceptance Model by Davis (2017)

The variables understudies as studied by Chen, YI-ming, Bao Jian (2018) were behavioral

intention to use, Perceived usefulness, Perceived ease of use, Subjective norm, Perceived

risk, perceived expense, and job pressure. Lindsay et al. (2017) conducted studies using the Adapted technology acceptance model for web-based policing. Its relevance was to examine the factors affecting officer acceptance benefits. The purpose was to investigate the main factors that influence the usage of web-based technologies amongst police officers. A qualitative, partially ethnographic design was followed to allow an in-depth exploration of this issue. The study was based on a mixed-methods longitudinal evaluation study of the implementation of web-based technologies within a UK police force over nine months. The technology acceptance model (TAM) and the subsequent TAM2 and TAM3, were then re-engineered to provide a suitable theoretical model for a web-based policing context. The study identified four main categories of officer acceptance factors; officer performance, security/reliability/usability, management style, and cognitive. Evidence from the survey showed a significant shortfall in all three versions of the TAM in that they focused on the user perspective and did not confirm the broader organizational factors within the implementation and social contexts of mobile policing. It recommended the use of high Perceived usefulness. Perceived ease of use Behavioural intentional to use User system intention level nature of the adapted model for web-based policing in other organizations, regardless of the type of web-based device implemented, to address the barriers to acceptance. This study sought to investigate the main factors that influence the usage of web-based phone technologies applications of social networking on crime prevention amongst police officers’ in Nairobi.

2.3.4 Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DOI)

It is the most popular model for understanding information technology adoption in an

organization. It focuses on the individual aspect of leadership, characteristics, and attitude

towards the change. It also focuses on internal components of organizational structure in

terms of centralization, complexity, formalization, interconnectedness, and organizational

slack size. It also focuses on the external characteristics of the corporate system

openness. All these influence the organization’s innovativeness in technology. Diffusion of

innovation is an improvement from an organization’s perspective, and it is more focused on

the technology side, ignoring the social context of information technology.

2.4 Behavioural Intention to Use Technology

Behavioral intention to use is a measure of the strength of one’s intention to perform a

specified behavior Davis et al. (2017). An individual attitude is defined as an individual’s

positive or negative feelings (evaluative effect) about performing the target behavior. One’s

attitude and subjective norm directly affect behavioral intention.

2.5 Perceived usefulness (PU)

Lindsay et al. (2017) reviewed the technology acceptance model (TAM), the TAM2 model

and TAM3 model, where the latter two were extensions of the original TAM, and unified

theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). The approach suggested that when users

are presented with a new piece of technology, many factors influencing the decision about

how and when they will use the technology. To explain this, two perceived attributes or

measures were used: perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU).

Perceived usefulness refers to the degree to which a person or user believes that using a specific

application system will increase their job performance within an organizational context.

Perceived value is considered to have a link to an individual or user attitude and intention. The

police work requires the use of various technology systems to increase their output. Although

the technology devices are with the said officers’ little knowledge, they exist on their perceived

usefulness in crime prevention. Many researchers have looked at perceived usefulness from

the technology user’s belief and attitude. Police believe in the use of web-based technology may

influence their behavioral intention on it and how it affects crime prevention. It is worth

noting that social networking sites are easily accessible to many of these officers and the

general public who are their clients. Both voluntarily use this social forum, and they ought to

be intrinsically motivated to make the perception the use of social network users in

reducing crime. It is in this context that the extent of the perceived usefulness of the web-based

phone by the police officer’s attitude was assessed to predict their intention in using it for

crime prevention.

2.6 Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU)

Perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which a person believes using the target system would be

free of effort. It determines the user acceptance of a particular information system. Ease here

implies the “freedom from difficulty or great effort,” as cited by Dhume et al., (2014). The

police officers, to perform their daily work, use the web-based phone in a wide range of

official activities directly, and indirectly focused on crime prevention. The perceived ease

of use is assumed to mean internet self-efficacy in social networking site usage. The officers

require believing in their capability to deal and manage different crime situations by being

able to navigate and evaluate the content of the social network site offered by the phones. The

perceived ease of use and usefulness was found to affect the effectiveness of e-learning, and

students found it easy to use; develop better attitudes toward it. The perceived ease of use on

web-based technology affects the perceived usefulness, which has an impact on the user attitude and

subsequent behavior which this study explored in the policing field.

2.7 TAM 2 and 3

Technology acceptance model 2 was proposed by Venkatesh and Davis (2018), and it extends

the original TAM to include additional critical determinants of TAM’s PU constructs. It

incorporates social influences such as subjective norm, voluntariness, image and experience

, and cognitive instrumental processes. The job relevance, output quality, and result are

necessary cognitive processes which are considered. Subjective norm acknowledges the

influence of peers on whether they should perform the behavior in question, voluntariness

accounts the effect of mandatory and non-mandatory usage on usage intentions; an image is a

degree to which technology may affect the status of an individual; experience suggests

that the direct effect of a subjective norm may subside over time with increased system

experience. Job relevance determines what tasks can be performed with a given system;

output quality posits that individuals will always assess how well a system performs duties,

and result demonstrability relates to how tangible the results are as a result of using a

technology (Venkatesh and Davis, 2018). Lindsay et al. (2017) noted TAM2 is limited in that

it only explores the basis of the PU component and ignores the PEOU construct, providing a

less-holistic view of factors that can be addressed to maximize usage. PEOU terms are

“computer self-efficacy,” “perception of external control,” “computer anxiety,” and

“computer playfulness.” “Perceived enjoyment” and “objective usability” determinants are

referred to as “adjustments,” whereby beliefs are shaped on the level of experience with a

system (Venkatesh, 2018). Computer self-efficacy” relates to the level of knowledge of an

individual who can perform a task. TAM3 was noted to be more comprehensive as it

provides interventions to boost PEOU as well as PU. Still, it is argued that these focus on

individuals and not on the broader implementation context in an organization.

Lindsay et al. (2014) empirically tested the relevance of a model web-based technology

acceptance model (M-TAM) and its transferability to other police forces in the United

Kingdom (UK). The evidence from the study supported the notion that the M-TAM

developed in previous research (Lindsay, 2014) is transferable to other police forces with

differing types of web-based devices in place. He stated that the model should provide a valuable

tool for common effects intending to embark on a program of ‘mobilization’ of

information processes.

2.8 Implementation context.

Studies indicated the most influential factors affecting the adoption of web-based devices lie

beyond the original TAM (Davis 2017) and exist in a broader implementation context. These

factors included TAM’s unique constructs, officer acceptance, officer performance,

security/reliability/usability, management style, and cognitive factors. The officer

performance factors involve sharing information, knowledge and communication, officer

efficiency, data input information accessing information to web-based phone social applications

, which influences the officer perceived usefulness of the claims. The officer’s perceived

ease of use is influenced by security factors such as web-based phone reliability, security,

interface, officer level of its skills, training, attitude, and technical support. The management

style constitutes the officer level of information on web-based phone application use,

involvement, health, and safety. It also influences the officer level of skills, training, and

technical support and contributes to the officers’ behavioral intention in using these web-based

phone technologies. Other external factors (social context) influencing officers’ behavior are

officer perception on web-based phone usage, public opinion on the use of the web-based phone,  peer influence, and organization culture. This behavioral intention of the officer then

determines the usage of the web-based phone in policing.

The study assessed how these intrinsic and external factors influence the usage of the web-based

phone applications by a police officer in crime prevention in Kenya.

The model view is based on the predictive nature of cause-effect relationships of a deterministic

approach, as stated by Jokonya O, (2015). The police organization whose sole mandate is to

create a peaceful and orderly environment conducive for the existence of all other human

functions is equally affected by the rapid dynamism in technology affecting modern society.

2.9 Summary of Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

The current review of the literature found only most of the studies that have tested the effect of

technology acceptance model on adoption and use of web-based technology by the police

happened in a developed nation and more so in the UK where web-based technology adoption is in

effect. As indicated by Bashir and Madhavaiah, (2014) that the theory of perceived

usefulness and perceived ease of use, mediate the effects of external variables, such as

training, system characteristics, development process, on the intention to use the system it is

essential to consider these variables in any technological acceptance model to have a reliable

and valid result. Many studies done on other fields such as business entities, academic

institutions, among others results, revealed there was the profound impact of perceived ease of use

and perceived usefulness on individual user attitude and behavioral action on a given

individual on technology adoption in any institution or organization. Other factors such as

social influence, perceived ease of use, perceived risk, trust, security, culture, and different beliefs

affect individual attitude and intention have been explored and are widely referenced and

represent customers’ psychological processes. The perceived ease of use, perceived

usefulness, perceived risk, social influence, trust, and culture on the web-based phone to police

officer’s attitude has little knowledge on it and not been explored, which this study seeks to do.

Most of these studies were done in developed countries, and Africa as a continent has limited

reviews on the use of information technology in crime prevention. This is examined by

establishing the nexus between the critical variables to the problem variable by applying the

adapted technology acceptance model. Lindsay et al. (2017) stated that TAM provides a

powerful and robust predictive model, and it is. Therefore, this is used as a guide in this study.

2.10. Conceptual Framework

According to Orodho (2015), a theoretical framework explains the relationship between the

study variables. Jabareen (2017) contends that a variable is a measurable characteristic that

takes discrete values among subjects. An independent variable is that factor that affects or

regulates a dependent variable (Jabareen, 2017). A dependent variable is a variable reliant on

another variable, such as the independent variable. In this case, perceived usefulness, perceived

ease of use, and subjective norms are our independent variables, while web-based phone usage in

policing forms the dependent variable.

According to Kaplan (2016), the conceptual framework is a researcher’s position on the

problem that gives direction to the study. The conceptual framework is a hypothesized model

identifying the concepts under investigation and their relationships. According to Mugenda and

Mugenda (2015), the purpose of a conceptual framework, is to help the reader to quickly see

the proposed link between the independent and dependent variables.

The perceived ease of use means internet self-efficacy in social networking site usage. This

was based on the assumption that officers believe in their capability to deal and manage different

crime situations by being able to navigate and evaluate the content of the social network site

offered by the phones.

Perceived usefulness was used in this study to mean the degree a person or user believes that

using a specific application system would increase his or her job performance within an

organizational context. It was assumed police work requires the use of various technology systems

to increase their output. Subjective norms were used in this study to explain the work norms in service that are inspired by working conditions and pear influence.

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES                                                                  DEPENDENT VARIABLE

INTERVENING VARIABLES.

Figure 2. 2: Conceptual framework

Source: Adapted M-TAM by Lindsay et al. (2017).

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Term Definition

Crime It is an act or omission constituting an offense. It is one of the very many elements of security of an individual, groups, and nation where law enforcement agencies and citizens’ interests must be enhanced through co-operation, partnership, and supporting each other to reduce its opportunity of occurrence.

Crime prevention It is any activity by an individual or group, public or private,

which attempts to eliminate or reduce crime before it occurring or before any additional activity results.

Social media is a computer-mediated technology that facilitates the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and

networks.

An individual’s attitude is an individual’s positive or negative feelings (evaluative effect) about performing the target behavior.

Perceived usefulness It the degree a person or user believes that using a specific

application system will increase his or her job performance within an organizational context.

Perceived ease of use It is the degree a person believes that using the target system

would be free of effort. It determines the user acceptance of the information system.

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

DOI      Diffusion of innovation theory

ICT      Information Communication Technology

IT         Information Technology

TAM    Technology acceptance model

PEOU   Perceived ease of use

PU        Perceived usefulness

UTAUT   Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Theory

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