Gaming pad
This is the most common type of gaming device that helps you set up a game or theatre on a PC used to run a playable object or character. It was believed that its structure was made to be held with both hands and the thumb and finger to push the lock to enter. Hence, the main objective of the game controller is to control the development/activity of bodies/protests payable in a PC video game. Typically, gaming pads contain a large number of activity detections with the thumb on the right and a stroke slider with the thumb on the left. Then, with a few regular increments of the standard pillow, the shoulder closures at the edges of the pad will be closed.
The 3rd era of computer controllers for games consisted of the NES(Nintendo Entertainment System) with a block structure, the master system with a plan comparable to that of the Atari 7800 and NES. The 4th era incorporated Genesisi Mega Drive, The Super Nintendo Entertainment System and The TurboGrafx engine -16 / PC had a plan that looked like a canine bone shrinkage and two other “X” and “Y” facial buttons organizing the Quattro in a formation of diamond.
The 5th generation, Apple Bandai Pippin, developed by Apple Computer Inc, contained a short-term comfort. The Atari Jaguar was Atari’s first and last support to use the advanced joystick. Another model is the CD Neo Geo, relatively the same in terms of size and shape of Sega Genesisi / Mega Drive cushions. The Virtual Boy, which included several models, the Sega Saturn, the control pad with a single stick and a single trigger, was designed to use double clamps that could be used to control questions in a 3D area. Sony built a D-pads with four directions. Four activities were indicated not by masks or letters/numbers, as in most pads, but by shapes; Circle, Triangle, square and cross. The structure and main format depended on the control of the Nintendo SNES, as the PlayStation was initially created to complement the SNES CD before becoming a separate medium. It was the standard pad for the PlayStation primary year until the appearance of Double Analogue. It was regularly replicated for PC games. The Nintendo 64 has a D-pad and a single stick. It has standard A, B, R and L buttons having Z trigger on the bottom.
4.4 Haptic jackets and vests
Initially intended for a medical examination, Dr Mark Ombrellaro built a haptic T-shirt or vest with which the user could feel the effects of explosions, bullets or even hands-on the glove compartment of the body of player (Ombrellaro et al.,2011). TN Games markets the 3rd Space Vest is as well as is the first marginal gaming device which lets you feel the state of your character. It performs with limited air to offer the player with effects of strength and weight that can copy a lot of direction and size (Zhang, 2017).
Others have restricted the similar structure and, even though they do not explicitly focus on the use of games, it is clear how these innovations can be applied in a game situation. Bordegoni Carulli & Ferrise worked on a device to improve video chat. They created a jacket that improves correspondence with a physical and enthusiastic association, allowing members to exchange urgent contacts (Bordegoni Carulli & Ferrise, 2019). As a result, the Huggy Pajama system that is wearable was developed by analysts at the Singapore National University, which improves parent-child correspondence remotely through virtual hugs. It can be designed with a pulse with pressure sensors inserted as an information device and a probe cover as an actuator for hugging at the opposite last part. Airbags shape the hug, and the feel is improved by including a heating component to the device to imitate the glow of a hug (Cheok & Zhang, 2019).
- Mobile games Haptics
With the start of PDAs and other individual and versatile devices, like tablets and MP3 players, which regularly offer an extravagant supply of tactile, preparatory and memory limits, video games are ultimately the world’s portable laptops. Cell phones and associated devices are equipped with the highest quality video game sounds and images. This should allow the player to immerse themselves in the gaming experience, even with reduced screen size.
For the reason that laptop games are inevitably limited to little screens, game engineers must rely on the latest user interface settings to ensure the information key in / output from multimedia data relevant to the game. In addition, the most versatile devices that provide the environment for today’s portable games highlight the touchscreen as a fundamental method for working with the device and the product interface. In most cases, these devices are essential or do not have many real captures that the player can use to play. However, when buttons are available on the gadget, they are usually found in areas where the player is embarrassed to use them as a function of the game information controller. This is a restriction of these devices because the touch screens are not as difficult as the players used with the PC and other guarantees of games and their controllers.
Phones and mobile devices are regularly designed to vibrate when there is no physical sensation of touch. These cell phones monitor the cause and end of vibrations and are harmonized with the screen touch. They make up for the lack of forced closings by providing haptic feedback to the customer at each point where a sensitive button is pressed on the screen.
Although regularly adapted to the primary activities of the device, for example, when you place content on a virtual console, the methodology and devices available on many devices are limited. Games require a high degree of slight deviation from vibrations to allow for richer and wiser encounters. Forces, bands or even a particular vibration design must be used at different times during the game. The test to provide a high-level tactile input has two reasons. On the one hand, the device’s hardware must be the best in the category to take into account the variety of power in which the internal engines cause vibrations. In addition, the product must be so complex that the motors can be controlled so that a wide range of effects on vibration occurs.
The research focused mainly on developing dynamic tactile rendering strategies which can take into account a complex tactile understanding of inputs. Countless algorithms have been carried out to run the motors for vibration and obtain the ideal effects. McCutcheon proposed a method for generating vibrant, tactile waves that exert a sense of travel in the device’s drama. What matters is the vibration control of two motors, which guarantees the area in which the coating of two axes occurs. This command also takes into account the age of the continuous vibration of the transmission vibration, continuously changing the coverage point and the engine activation program. They examined their representation system with a ball game (McCutcheon, 2018).In another linked literature, they examined a small vibrotactile interpretation framework that is based on a solenoid actuator and an extravagant vibration motor that generates vibratory data up to high throughput and fit. His goal was to create explicit vibrating shots for a flying game on a cell phone. In the event of an accident, the image could have verifiable impacts on humans, driving alone and driving on the shoulder (McCutcheon, 2018).
A real model of the latest developments is the MOTIV in dive phase. Their answer is an innovation of the TouchSense driver installed to increase the performance of your device’s vibration motors. By product, MOTIV Integrator is delivered to OEMs to remind their devices of a profiled monitor for vibration that affects TouchSense. Also, the MOTIV Software Development Kit for training designers to produce useful external applications and computer games through this superior quality provided by their programme (Bhatia et al., 2017).
Senseg, an organization based in Finland, has adopted a different methodology, the latter of which is a haptic representation, which is a guarantee of changing the way tactical PC inputs are displayed on contact screens as well as other actual surfaces. Its technology of E-sense depends on biophysics. As opposed to vibrating the surface of the device, they cause a direct buzzing on the skin of the finger by using a minimal amount of electrical flow from an anode to provide attractive energy. Adjusting this force allows you to create any amount of tactile vibration that can be accomplished by vibrations, clicks, finished surfaces, and that’s just the beginning. The immediate use of this innovation is possible in the mobile telephony sector, and the programming interfaces provided would improve computer games with an expanded display of tactile sensations (Makinen, Suvanto, & Linjama,2017).
To assess the feasibility of touch input in versatile games, Sundström examined the playability of a handheld game using a responsive keyboard for animated touch against a similar game through a hard physical keyboard. As their results show, despite the fact that players have higher scores on the responsive keyboard, they showed a propensity to use the rigid keyboard to play higher games (Sundström, 2019)
- Games and haptics for the visually impaired.
Even though haptics have confirmed to be a great innovation to help players in increasingly lively and practical games, there is an additional form of play for that haptics are of fundamental worth. Haptics is an extremely suitable form of connection to solve the issue of opening games for those who are visually impaired.
To date, several innovations have enhanced the openness of electronic media for the visually impaired, like robotic comprehension programming, speech fusion, Braille presentations and voice recognition. However, they are usually dedicated to capturing/performing content, and there are still certain forms of media that are hard to talk about in a non-visual methodology, in particular, the illustrations (2D or 3D) that structure the theme. For the PC, the haptic PC is an adequate answer to this problem when opening the game, but at the same time, many issues and investigations must be carried out on the spot. It is very difficult to have a haptic demonstration that needs an element of a virtual world which can be perceived correctly by somebody who cannot see it. It is much more difficult to do it due to the various objects and occasions that occur during the game to see. In fact, in many cases, the touch interface must be connected in addition to an audio input to avoid overloading the customer with touch characters (Ording, & Kocienda, 2019).
There were two basic ways to empower people with disabilities outside of PC games. Firstly, configure games specially designed as well as executed, with the ultimate goal of not depending on visual criticism. These are games whose gameplay depends only on communication, which depends on audio or haptic information.
A review of game delivery methods for the blind demonstrates that sound is the most popular channel used to go together or replace the visual channel.
AudioGames.net is a turn-based online network gateway that depends only on the sound and normal touch surface of mouse and console purchases (Mon, Yap & Ahmad,2019). There are models of authentic haptic games, like Haptic Sudoku, developed by Gutschmidt and others for the visually impaired. Today, they imitate entirely visual recognition through tactile observation. In a haptic presentation, players can listen to the Sudoku composer and enter numbers, while acoustic signals inform the client about the results of their activities (Mon, Yap & Ahmad,2019). Finger Dance is another model; a sound- centred game that blind people can play. In Finger Dance, the customer tries to coordinate the melodic music models with the keys pressed on the console. The game has no visual criticism for any expansion of the imagination (Schneider et al., 2018)
The next method is a sensory replacement. At that point, haptic improvements replace signals that regularly emanate from the visual channel. This takes into account the adaptation of present games, which were initially intended for people without disabilities and should be played by people with visual impairments.
Blind Hero is a famous game case in which a genuinely remarkable computer game (Guitar Hero by Red Octane) has been replaced by haptics. Guitar Hero is an entertaining activity game played with an information input tool consisting of a guitar with shaded buttons which must follow the instructions visible on display in the calm of a rock melody. In the revised edition, Bruder substituted the visible signals with haptic pulses from a haptic glove carrying little computer engines that revitalized the fingers (Bruder, 2017)
VI-Bowling and VI-Tennis are another concrete replacement for the Wii console (Rector, K. K. 2016). The touch screen user interface currently has an updated motion detection controller with audible and vibration-sensitive messages that players can use to identify key playback options. Due to VI-Tennis, the driver carried out animated feedbacks to reflect the situation in which the ball bounces and the distribution of when the ball must be hit in nature, while the sound signals of a product similar to the installation. The first Wii tennis match was left out (Rector, K. K. 2016). For Bowling VI, they updated a process known as Tactile Dowsing, which uses the Wii Remote to determine the course in which the balls have to be launched. Through tactile dowsing, the gamer shifts the control left and right for a simple example. The collector detects the movement of the remote control, as well as the product, causes a vibrating touch on the remote control in a fault design. The alternation between the strokes of the vibrotactile is managed with the aim that the nearer the player is to the ideal initial trajectory, the less the displacement will be. In this sense, the gamer can identify a similar path along the path, trying to direct the remote control towards a path that has vibratile feedback close to the current path (Rector, K. K. 2016).
- Games and serious games.
However, the phrase “serious games” mention PC games which have been used in the past or for other non-game purposes. In both cases, the correct definition and some different ideas about what a real game could be discussed a long time ago.
Serious games were developed for certain regions, including education, government, army, society, social security, legislation, religion and expressions. Haptic innovations were available to vary degrees in most of these regions. In any case, we argue that social security and education are two of the most recognizable areas of application for authentic games that can truly recognize the benefits of haptic innovation.
7.1 Healthcare
At the time, there has been an extraordinary excitement when studying how haptic innovations in the computer can support the process of recovering people with motor disabilities during the game. The merging of innate properties with the haptic aspects of the computer (force plus haptic feedback) with the inspiring and stimulating component presented by virtual settings has structured the development of a range of rehabilitation structures, in which patients and specialists are usually involved.
The Ten Pin Bowling and Haptic Hand Writing sessions are examples of randomly supported game applications created by Xu and others at the Shanghai University of Science. The Ten Pin Bowling was designed to prepare patients for post-stroke relocation in the light of virtual reality. They as well show that manual haptic composition is a productive method for improving motor skills, posture stability, eye-hand control and coordination (Rector, K. K. 2016)
Cao et al. tried to save games with a touch glove. In their effort, work in a virtual environment can be enhanced by means of critical electric gloves Rutgers Master II-ND (RMII) and CyberGlove. The virtual setting should favour the preparatory restoration of a specific parameter of manual development: expansion, speed, fractionation or quality. Its structure adapts to the degree of recovery achieved by the patient (Cao et al. 2018).
Wu, Loprinzi and Ren have also developed a localized remote recovery system for hemiplegic children. They have changed the comfort of a gaming station to use a touch glove and the game designed especially for virtual conditions. The game consists of an explicit development of the hand to deter butterflies that would emerge in the virtual state (Wu, Loprinzi & Ren,2019).
Rose, Nam and Chen thought about the effects of computer-generated reality and the haptic aspects of stroke recovery with a virtual reality station equipped with a game library and a portable pen. The client collaborated with the virtual objects of the games while the workplace collected information about the development of the patient’s 3D hand. They found that the enhanced recovery experience was compelling for patients (Rose, Nam & Chen, 2018)
7.2 Teaching
In teaching, much of the work aimed to provide an increasingly dynamic and practical way to manage the content of the learning class. Specifically, science is one of the units that regularly focus on the use of haptic learning devices.
Like a real model, Hamza and Sopin planned haptic retention and an intuitive structure with tactile communication as an educational aid. They concentrated on the association between two water particles, building a domain of intuition of force of Van der Waal and electrostatic energy in haptic relations (Hamza-Lup & Sopin,2019). Bowers also suggested a framework for the use of basic structures in haptic for science education ( Bowers, 2019).
A second objective of training in haptics is the manual learning of composition skills. Patton et al. developed an interactive multimedia framework for learning to write in different dialects. The structure depends on a stylus limited to programming so that it can guide the student’s development in a similar way, over which an educator would take control. The structure reinforces different dialects, including Japanese and Arabic. The measurement of the strict direction of the system can be compared to the objective of the additional user to extend the composition by himself (Patton et al., 2016).
Incomparable works, kindergarten children were able to manually compose, prepare and use a visual, haptic probe to become familiar with the production of cursive handwriting. Forty-two children were interested in research showing that the ease of the handwriting generation with the device after preparation was more significant for all letters than for young people who did not need it.
CONCLUSION
Computer video games have come a long way, from purely graphic and visual representation to a complete multimedia experience. Video games aim to capture all the human player senses. The video graphics are extremely demanding, and the clarity, speed and overall visual stimuli quality are ideal. Audio has also turned out to be an essential part of all PC video games, from short audio tracks during game events to soundtracks that add characters to titles. Arguably, audio and video were the leading multimedia channels in the video game industry in the first generation of games.
In this generation where PCs are made smaller and have even more processing and storage capacity, researchers and developers have concentrated on extending the haptic familiarity to a touch sensation. Initial implementations consist of live feedback with an increasing effect on controllers from the game input. Though, to get a more engaging practice, other tactile ways have been investigated, especially force feedback. By now, there are haptic devices in the customer market with an intricate hardware execution that allows the driver to react more realistically to the dynamics and actions of the user.
Mobility has been another development in games. The extensive accessibility of high-performance, low-cost, phones and tablets has produced an entirely new market for in-flight streaming game titles. Together with this development, haptic technology has also been presented in restricted environments with complicated algorithms which can create a wide variety of live effects for all types of playing conditions.
After all, games were no longer part of the fun. Serious games should involve people in increasingly meaningful exercises (education, government, armed forces, business, human services, legislation, religion and declarations), at the same time having fun the games bring. Haptic innovation promises to improve the action of this specific type of play and may even offer some form of communication or attain an objective that would be unthinkable on another media channel.
In the coming years, it will not be uncommon for optical machines to develop and become a progressive innovation that affects a wide range of individual companies. Furthermore, we are convinced that games in all their structures will always be one of the areas in which it is possible to exploit the haptic potential.
References
Bhatia, S. S., Gandhi, K., Ullrich, C. J., Cruz-Hernandez, J. M., Timone, H. T., & Lau, J. H. F. (2017). U.S. Patent No. 9,606,627. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Bordegoni, M., Carulli, M., & Ferrise, F. (2019). Improving multisensory user experience through olfactory stimuli. In Emotional Engineering, Vol. 7 (pp. 201-231). Springer, Cham.
Bowers, L. (2019). A Haptic Study to Inclusively Aid Teaching and Learning in the Discipline of Design.
Bruder, G. (2017). Perceptually-Inspired User Interfaces for Computer-Mediated Realities.
Cao, S., Li, X., Yan, X., Jiang, D., & Guo, Q. (2018, December). Overview of Wearable Haptic Force Feedback Devices and A Further Discussion On The Actuation Systems. In 2018 IEEE 4th Information Technology and Mechatronics Engineering Conference (ITOEC) (pp. 314-319). IEEE.
Cheok, A. D., & Zhang, E. Y. (2019). Huggy Pajama: Remote Hug System for Family Communication. In Human–Robot Intimate Relationships (pp. 33-75). Springer, Cham.
Hamza-Lup, F. G., & Sopin, I. (2019). Web-Based 3D and Haptic Interactive Environments for e-Learning, Simulation, and Training. arXiv preprint arXiv:1903.00438.
Makinen, V., Suvanto, P., & Linjama, J. (2016). U.S. Patent No. 9,454,880. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
McCutcheon, S. L. (2018). Does site-specific, community theatre create change in an educational framework and how is this change demonstrated?
Mon, C. S., Yap, K. M., & Ahmad, A. (2019, April). A Preliminary Study on Requirements of Olfactory, Haptic and Audio Enabled Application for Visually Impaired in Edutainment. In 2019 IEEE 9th Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE) (pp. 249-253). IEEE.
Ombrellaro, M. P., Soto Jr, B., Morris, A. L., Kelly, J. J., & Ombrellaro, P. A. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 7,967,679. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Ording, B., & Kocienda, K. (2019). U.S. Patent No. 10,430,078. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Patton, L. D., Renn, K. A., Guido, F. M., & Quaye, S. J. (2016). Student development in college: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons.
Rector, K. K. (2016). Enhancing Quality of Life for People who are Blind or Low Vision Using Computing Technology (Doctoral dissertation).
Rose, T., Nam, C. S., & Chen, K. B. (2018). Immersion of virtual reality for rehabilitation-Review. Applied ergonomics, 69, 153-161.
Schneider, O., Shigeyama, J., Kovacs, R., Roumen, T. J., Marwecki, S., Boeckhoff, N., … & Baudisch, P. (2018, October). DualPanto: A Haptic Device that Enables Blind Users to Continuously Interact with Virtual Worlds. In Proceedings of the 31st Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (pp. 877-887).
Sundström, E. (2019). Shared Augmented Reality: Developing a Multiplayer AR Mobile Game to Study Playability.
Wu, J., Loprinzi, P. D., & Ren, Z. (2019). The Rehabilitative Effects of Virtual Reality Games on Balance Performance among Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(21), 4161.
Zhang, W. (2017). Game Theory and Society. Routledge.