Health Issue in Sydney

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The following is a proposal for an identified health issue in Sydney, Australia, where poor health status is made directly proportionate to the poor housing and thus the determinant of it for the Aboriginal Australians. The majority of the urban areas comprising of Western Sydney are inhabited by the Aboriginal Australians where the housing is subjected to not only poverty but also the difficulty faced in accessing it followed by the racism or insufficiency of housing giving results of forceful evictions with added insecurity in tenures. This report aims to identify the health issue pertaining to poor housing conditions followed by the aim or related objectives to attain the promotion of health thereby minimising the grave consequences of it. Finally, the report will develop a proposed teaching plan based on the implementation plan with an evaluation strategy followed by the research in support of it.

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.. 1

INTRODUCTION.. 2

HEALTH ISSUES.. 3

PROPOSED LONG AND SHORT- TERM GOALS.. 4

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN.. 6

EVALUATION STRATEGY.. 7

CONCLUSION.. 9

References. 12

APPENDICES.. 15

INTRODUCTION

The overcrowding, or overusing and also other housing concerns can have a greater impact on the health of residents of Sydney especially applicable to and is felt by the Indigenous community (Torzillo PJ, 2008), who is being reliant on the public housing including any forms of any other assisted housing. The major health, as well as the environmental factors which affect the lives of the people in Sydney, is entirely and to the maximum dependent on not only proper housing but also on the infrastructure. So, the inadequacy of housing as well as the poor maintenance of it imposes serious threats on health, due to dwelling in the overcrowdings and also the poor quality housings, which gives rise to the infectious diseases as per the report of the (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2008). The physical health or the mental illness which also includes the social well-being thereby adding quality to life is made fundamental through housing (World Health Organization, 1998). The living conditions becoming poor, can lead to the increase in stress, or can also isolate the individual from the society, thereby rendering the environment which is both unsafe as well as unhealthy, and finally leading the chance of disease or any form of injury (Podger, 1998). The lower income or lesser assets within the family including poor education followed by job insecurity pushes individuals to live in situations of poor housing under difficult circumstances (World Health Organisation- Wilkinson, Richard G, Marmot, Michael, 1998). So, it can be understood that the above-mentioned disadvantages become restricted or confined to a group of certain peoples, where the effects of the disadvantages have the cumulative effect in declined health conditions.

HEALTH ISSUES IDENTIFIED

The (National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM) ) linked the health to income based on the surveys conducted by the National Health Surveys (Walker, A. & Abello, A.- National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling (NATSEM), 2000). The link between the health and the income was tallied against the socioeconomic status to that of the health, where the lowered income groups suffered worse conditions when compared to the counterparts who are comparatively better off, thereby elaborating the substantially broadened health gap. Again, income inequality when aggregated was seen to be unaffected (Walker, 2000). But the factors which relate to the health gap can be linked with the significant determinants when it comes to the health status (Walker, Income Distribution and Health Inequalities, Australia: 1977 to 1995, 2000). Furthermore, the indirect benefits which were recognised by the Australian Housing and Research Institute (AHURI) was that of the health, as well as the housing assistance based on the housing policy issues which Australia (AHURI (Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute), 2000) faces in the present times, thereby correlating the tenure in housing to health to that of the overcrowding in Australia.

Again, the Aboriginal communities who are located in remotes parts of Sydney face the problems when it comes to the quality as well as the availability of the housing (Bailie RS, 2001). There are links between the quality as well as the availability of the housing to that of the specific health problems, like that of the respiratory infection (NSW Department of Health- Aboriginal Environmental Health Unit, 2010). Further studies demonstrate the Aboriginal children (Bailie R, 2010) with housing problems develop infections specific to the ear, skin and chest (Stephen Zubrick, 2005) and also have a greater impact on the vocabulary (Kemp, 2017).

The Aboriginal health research (Peter S Azzopardi, 2013), focussed on Aboriginal individuals (Melanie J. Andersen, 2018) who are inhabiting in the remote communities (Wright, 2018), but amongst the percentage of urban living Aboriginal Australians the remote living people are vested with the burden of illness than outside those areas (Thompson, 2012). Thus, the urban Aboriginal households face unaffordable housing thereby experiencing the significant disadvantage within the housing than people living or inhabiting in the remote areas.

PROPOSED LONG AND SHORT- TERM GOALS

Government decisions have the capacity of affecting the availability of the housing with added affordability followed by the myriad conditions (Ziersch, Walsh, Due, & Duivesteyn, 2017). The taxation, tenancy, and also zoning laws, have the potential in providing direct assistance towards housing (Melanie J. Andersen e. , 2016). As the government policies affect the circumstances of housing for the Aboriginal Australians, in ways that they represent the renters under the low- income groups as the recipients of rent assistance as well as the social housing (Austin, 2014).  The governments act for upgrading the housing for its citizens, with evidence which helps in improving the housing conditions with the declining rates of wellbeing and social services use and its related consumptions (O’Sullivan, 2017). The Aboriginal family units’ ownership for homes should be motivated and controlled with support and feasibility like Home Purchase Schemes (Emma Baker, 2016), which must be made available through Indigenous Business Australia or the NSW Aboriginal Housing Office (Jacobs, 2016). Thus, there will be few family units to struggle with the affordability costs when paying the home loan, thus, under such circumstances, there must be the new arrangements additionally provided for helping and supporting such family units.

But, again the homeownership cannot be said to be the feasible option when it comes to the urban Aboriginal community proportion (Smylie J, 2010), which is nevertheless the growing concern centred around the proportion which consists of the Australians under the low and middle-income groups. On the other hand, the social housing, a tenure type provides the affordability as well as stability towards the housing concerns of the urban Aboriginal people. So, the aim is to provide the improved dwelling conditions which must be made available under the in social housing connections. Under the private rentals, the apparent vulnerability can also render housing disadvantages, so there is the need for policy responses so that the increase in the dwelling of the social housing can be met for the urban Aboriginal people with desired affordability. The laws pertaining to the protection of the tenant in Australia in lieu of affordability, as well as the dwelling conditions, must be improved towards providing the tenancy in a secured manner so that better protection can be availed irrespective of the race, thereby enforcing the higher standards of dwelling laws.

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

The below Implementation plan is made keeping in view the upcoming few years, where there will be an increase in identifying the at-risk groups at the earlier stages, so that the young people with the families on lowered incomes, or under financial hardships, the Aboriginal people will be given the paramount importance. This plan will also support people for maintaining the tenancies and will further assist them in such a way that, those people do not enter the system of homelessness. Furthermore, the plan is also intended to prevent the people who will or tries to exit out of designated home care or any corrective services cell, or mental homes, or any other hospital settings.

Towards the reduction of the occurrences in future which is quite pertinent and is more likely that the present situations must be used so as to critically create the reflection for so that the disadvantageous people do not showcase the reluctance towards accessing the services. It is essential to keep in mind that the health inequalities have its initiation from the powerful or that of the privileged classes and so without blaming the health issues if the poor housing are not overlooked or poor attendance in school is taken in to consideration, combined with the help which can be forwarded towards the people who have the lesser retention capacity in the employment, then the plan can be implemented in moving towards the right path of reducing the health issues arising out of poor housing conditions.

The holistic approach in locating the disease from the purview of the broader socio-economic context is to incorporate the health promotion which will be both cultural and linguistic appropriate, through education so that the illness can be prevented and also the preventions can be initiated before the disease or the illness have actually taken place. The work of Kleinman and Eisenberg’s (Kleinman A, 1978) identified the illness as being shaped by culture, where not only the culture have the impact on it in a significant way but also have its impact on the succeeding treatment that follows. On the other hand, if the ideas of (Laura M Hart, 2009) is followed then it can be understood that the approaches which are taken by the service delivery have the potential to blame the underprivileged about the lack of understanding about the mental illness, but significantly fails in delivering the improved health literacy. So, the implementation plan will also include the recognition of the symptom from the cultural context keeping in view the socioeconomic status faced under the poor housing.

EVALUATION STRATEGY

NCOSS conducted a survey during 2017 comprising of the 440 households who are living below the poverty line in NSW and was found that the affordability with regards to gas, or that of the electricity including other essential services. The survey found that for paying the energy bills, the medical treatments were forged by about one- third of the respondents and on the other hand about 20% of the respondents claimed to have remained without the dental treatment and 10% of the respondent claimed to live without the daily meal considered to be substantial. Again, the stressed households comprising of the one-third of the respondents were heard to have used heating in a minimized away and have also reported that they have not used hot showers towards saving the electricity bills (The NSW Council of Social Service (NCOSS), 2017). Figure 1- A 2017 NCOSS survey

Sourced from: (The NSW Council of Social Service (NCOSS), 2017)

General healthcare may likewise connect in a very fluctuated manner of various exercises to upgrade housing conditions, together with help as well as raising the awareness, where the coordinated effort with the housing part, the inventory of direct administrations and examination of the viability of housing improvement programs can have the effectiveness of it. New South Wales Health (NSWH) has directed ‘Housing for Health’, a housing mediation intended to upgrade parts of housing incredible to affect healthcare, mainly for families in Aboriginal people group housing in provincial and remote zones (NSW Department of Health- Aboriginal Environmental Health Unit, 2010). Among various edges, occupants of family units who got Housing for Health had 40% declined rates for irresistible infections than similar provincial and remote Aboriginal people group who neglected to get the program (NSW Department of Health- Aboriginal Environmental Health Unit, 2010). Housing for Health was as of late steered with forty-four Aboriginal family units living in state-possessed social housing in Western Sydney with a coordinated effort between the Western Sydney Public Health Unit, NSW Health Aboriginal Environmental Health Unit, Housing NSW, the NSW Land and Housing Corporation.

While housing could show up on the far side the extent of the healthcare area, there’s a long-standing connection between general healthcare and housing. General healthcare experts devised with the obvious task to carry out in depicting the measurements and healthcare effects of housing issues. The coordinated cross-sectoral effort took a couple of years and far assurance from the respondents to bargain could give a practical model for the progress of existing social housing conditions that are present within the for urban Aboriginal families. This conjointly needs healthcare professionals set up and fabricate long associations with indigenous networks, building up their capacity to help healthcare by giving an extra agreeable, supported system that perceives and regards indigenous transcendentalism reasoning and theory. This methodology poses the intensity and the devolution of can be mentioned as reasonable and fundamental for answering the propelled conditions that made the inconsistencies that exist, and allows indigenous as well as the non- Indigenous people to be treated under the general public healthcare framework to make genuine and fair associations within the recuperating technique. Housing is by all accounts a major issue for urban Aboriginal people, worth focused on examination and strategy consideration.

More investigation into urban housing conditions and their healthcare affiliation furthermore relates the discoveries that can advise quantitative examination to be directed by the investigation group. At an individual level, healthcare experts and instructors working in urban settings should consider talking about housing with Aboriginal customers as a piece of all-encompassing assistance arrangement, so that the general healthcare has competed for a significant job in improved housing for the remote Aboriginal people group as indistinguishable to deal with Aboriginal Australians living in both the urban areas as well as the rural areas.

CONCLUSION

The high pervasiveness of housing issues within the urban Aboriginals defines the prerequisite for general healthcare, housing to join with Aboriginal people and associations in upholding for improved access to affordable housing. The numerous disparities within the housing issues supposed by family units in a few residency sorts counsel the potential in need for the separated approach reactions. Turning the look to the special needs reconsidering the principle focal point of consideration, basically intelligent on whether strategies and practices support or undermine indigenous healthcare and intriguing indigenous people within the technique. Applying the non-standard drawback that has been done next to no proportional returned healthcare with aberrations among indigenous and various Australians, in spite of the socially visually impaired way to deal with medicinal services. While considering various techniques in idea healthcare settings to reflect standards of value and reference to answer to the indigenous medical problem a leap forward is to have cooperation and keep indigenous partners to co-build arrangements and projects that are enough resourced, for every indigenous and non-Indigenous people who are responsible for making an interpretation of them to watch and assess their short and long viability within the healthcare results.

References

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Austin, P. G. (2014). Planning and affordable housing in Australia, New Zealand and England: common culture; different mechanisms. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 29(455). doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-013-9356-3

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APPENDICES