Executive Summary
The environment is the totality of nature and its surroundings, including infrastructure build by man to facilitate socio-economic activities. It also entails natural systems that support the wellbeing of humankind. In the context of analyzing the state of the environment, various vital aspects which are fundamental must be taken into consideration. Some of these aspects include water quality, the quality of air, land use and land utilization types, ecosystem health, and the services it provides. Moreover, the social and cultural aspects of the environment are also critical components of the situation, which are of great essence in a fully functional environment.
With the continually increasing human population, the environment’s carrying capacity has been exceeded. This has escalated competition for scarce resources, especially with the need to sustain the exponentially growing population. The high demand for resources has resulted in overexploitation of natural resources beyond its regenerative capacity. Some of these resources have ended up being depleted or deteriorated in quality. Various agricultural activities are also threatening the integrity of the environment to support the present and future generations. The use of agrochemicals has manipulated the environment affecting its quality and optimum productivity.
Industrialization, which can be attributed to population growth, has, to a greater extent, elevated pollution levels. Pollutants are being released into the environment at the rate that the natural processes cannot detoxify them. This poses a threat to the health of biodiversity and that of humanity. There is the emission of toxic and hazardous substances into the atmosphere, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems rendering life untenable. The inability to manage wastes generated by numerous anthropogenic activities further worsens the situation. Industrialization and advancement in the energy sector have led to the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases are primarily responsible for increasing global temperatures, which has triggered climate change. This is depicted by the unpredictable and more severe weather conditions.
Unsustainable System Description
As the human population growth at a rapid rate, and then caused many pressures on both environment and society such as increasing needs of food and water, insufficient resources, overconsuming, etc. Most importantly, people are getting used to living in a convenient lifestyle by having their products with door-to-door services or deliveries. The comfortable lifestyle often required robust packaging to provide reliable protection during the transportations. Therefore, it made the paper and forest product-based industry keep growing worldwide, even in the wake of the digitation is taking over the lead. The fell demand on the photographic paper appeared the first time in 2015, and as other related products filled up the gap, such as increasing packaging, along with tissue papers and hygiene products (Berg & Lingqvist, 2019). The article and forest industry still far from disappearing, but going through a changing, morphing, and developing transformation, mainly caused by people’s lifestyle.
Online shopping is known as one of the most popular shopping habits lately. The customers have unlimited online access to all different categories to shop without any barriers. After all, people enjoy the most convenient way of online shopping. More and more merchants are transferring or putting a lot more effort into the e-commerce store to decrease its rental expenses. For instance, one of the most iconic department stores in the US, Barneys New York, filled bankruptcy in 2019. As Barneys CEO, Daniella Vitale said, “[our] financial position has been dramatically impacted by the challenging retail environment and rent structures that are excessively high relative to market demand” (Keys & Serdari, 2019). Meanwhile, more frequent shopping is made online, as well as increase its add-on no-value packaging consumptions overall. However, not all packaging materials are considered recyclable, and more and more packaging were dumped into the recycling bins regardless of the content can be recycling or not.
The first goal of the Global Paper Vision is to reduce paper consumption and promote fair access to paper worldwide. Nevertheless, paper use had exceeded 400 million tons, and more than half of them are used for packaging with an increasing volume in 2018 (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). Packaging consumption will be driven by consumers’ shopping habits’ trends as well as increasing demand for the current convenience lifestyle. More than half of the global paper consumption was consumed in China, Japan and the US, which weighted in global average as 55 kilograms per people per year. North America is still considered the highest paper consumption that is equivalent four times more, 215 kilograms per person per year, compared to the global average (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018).
The packaging industry has substantial environmental impacts, ever since the start of its raw material, through production and transportation, and to the end of its life. However, recycling is a critical turning point to reduce the paper industry’s production footprints and moderate climate impacts. Meanwhile, increasing public awareness about the severity of environmental issues and shop wisely instead of overconsuming. Globally, solid waste management is one of the most critical problems concerning contemporary civilization and the increase in the number of population and consumerism because of producing different kinds of waste. Along with economic progress and technical progress, humanity became the largest producer of waste in nature. The rapidly growing population has led to a tremendous volume of solid waste being generated, which poses a deliberate problem at the municipal level to manage the wastes being dumped everywhere as landfill waste. In Africa, there are commonly poor waste management practices of uncontrolled dumping and open burning, which poses effects on human health, climate change, ecosystems and littering environment. This also entails illegal cross-border trafficking of waste and its impacts on human health, especially vulnerable groups, including waste collectors, children, and women. According to Mbiba, due to insufficient waste management services in most Africa cities, some waste is disposed of by the burning of plastics or burying, mostly organic waste illegally. In the case of Nigeria, for example, just like any other country, they are challenged with waste generation and management. Solid waste is dumped indiscriminately and the presence of engulfing massive heaps on any piece of unused land, around buildings, drainage systems, institutions, playing ground, roadside, and the open places in the free market in major cities and towns. The inefficient management of generated solid waste by individuals, households, institution, consumers and waste management companies can be attributed to inadequate information on waste management benefits, insufficient academic research and industry linkages, financial constraint, cultural constraint, lack of planning and projection, social constraint, lack of producers involvement in waste management as well as poor implementation of government policies and lack of comprehensive legal framework. Solid waste management is an integral component for achieving at least most of the sustainable development goals as the recovery of materials by separation before disposal operation, and alternatives will ensure excellent practice in the handling of solid waste. The guidelines adopted by the various principles as guided by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals encourage enabling increased access to information for people to be better informed about waste management activities in their country and adopting a life cycle approach to waste management and most critically the precautionary principle where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used for postponing cost-effectiveness measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Natural Systems Influences
The most common packaging is made of corrugated and paperboard, plastic, taps, polystyrene foams, bubble wrap, and air pillow (Duan et al., 2019). A paperboard-based material is known as the essential raw material, which is made of laminated with thermoplastic resins, like polyvinyl alcohol and polyethene (Bergerioux, 1996). The laminated paper-based packaging is mainly made of paper and thus is considered recyclable material. Although the digitation is gradually taking place in the graphic article, the paper use is still increasing steadily, as well as accelerate the rate of deforestation (Berg & Lingqvist, 2019). One-third of the timber industry was consumed by the paper industry globally. The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). Also, the merchants often choose to use multiple layers of protection to ensure the products’ condition and caused even more wastes that related packaging within the packaging. The packaging wastes are usually made differently depending on the various types of merchandise. The life cycle of a single (Figure 1) used packaging is relatively short. To start the supply chain by exacting the raw materials from the forest to make the pulp.
A trend that is worrying in the ongoing rate of deforestation: according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unit Nation (FAO), between 2010 and 2015 there was an annual forest loss of 7.6 million hectares and an annual gain of 4.3 million hectares per year, resulting in a net yearly decline in the forest area of 3.3 million hectares” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). According to a report from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unit Nation (FAO), there was an annual forest loss of 3.3 hectares in between 2010 and 2015 (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). Papermaking is very energy and water-intensive due to the number of pulp soaking and drying processes involved. Paper drying accounts for up to 70% of fossil fuel energy consumption in the pulp and paper sector alone. It represents one of the largest sources of non-biological CO2 emissions in the broader forest fibre industry” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). For a long time the paper industry has an extremely high rate of energy consumption.
Furthermore, when discarded in landfills, paper releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). The impact of consuming large quantities of material for the manufacture of ‘single-use’ products, and the effect of disposal after use” (Lewis & Sonneveld, 2004) In terms of a desire for increased ‘sustainability’, and more specifically for ‘ecologically sustainable development’ that addresses community goals for economic growth, social equity and justice, and environmental sustainability” (Lewis & Sonneveld, 2004). landfilling of paper constitutes around 10.6%, largely the result of methane emissions” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018).
The long-standing debate on the environmental impacts of packaging is evolving from a narrow focus on recycling and waste reduction towards a more holistic discussion of life cycle environmental impacts of the entire packaging supply chain.” (Lewis & Sonneveld, 2004). Paper and packaging result mainly from land-use change, production and disposal. The burning of trees for energy for pulping is the single most significant source of emissions by the industry (40%), with other causes of concern being the massive carbon emission from the destruction of peatlands and emission of methane from the landfilled paper” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). A key solution is the utilization of recycled paper, which has half or less climate impact than virgin paper. Considerably more attention needs to be paid to the climate change mitigation potential in paper lifecycles” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018).
Organic wastes- these are wastes in which bacteria and microorganisms can break them into their constituent elements through decomposition. Farm manures, residues from crops, and food wastes are major organic wastes. The dissolution of organic wastes may take place in the presence of air or the absence of air. The decay of solid wastes in the presence of air is called aerobic decomposition and occurs in the presence of favourable conditions. Aerobic decomposition can help improve soil fertility due to the compost produced. The disintegration of solid wastes in the absence of air is called anaerobic decomposition. Anaerobic decomposition of solid wastes leads to the production of methane gas, which is explosive. Anaerobic decomposition produces irritating smells. If anaerobic decomposition of solid wastes is controlled, it produces biogas, which acts as fuel for cooking, heating, and electricity production.
Inorganic wastes are also called non-biodegradable wastes since they do not decompose by the action of microorganisms. Non –biodegradable wastes include plastics, metals, and used cans of drinks and food. Combustible wastes are those wastes that will burn if exposed to fire. Noncombustible residues are those wastes that will not burn if exposed to light. They can be classified as hazardous wastes and nonhazardous wastes.
Hazardous wastes are the types of debris that have the potential to cause harm to human health or the environment. These wastes exhibit specific characteristics, ignitability, corrosively, reactivity or toxicity. Nonhazardous residues are the type of solid wastes does not have hazardous components though they have the potential to harm the environment and human health.
Figure 1. A Life Cycle of Packaging
Human Behaviors Influences (4-5 pages)
In China, online shopping sales reached $1.1 trillion in 2017 along (National Bureau of Statistic of China, 2018; as cited in Duan et al., 2019), and made accumulated $40 billion orders through online (Deloitte Research China, 2017; as cited in Duan et al., 2019). The cost of global delivery serves nearly approximate EUR 70 billion, where the US, China, and Germany take more than 40% of the whole market (Duan et al., 2019). However, North America has the highest consumption in paper usage, which is four times more than the global average of 55 kg per person per year (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). The growing online shopping is a result of an economy booming and the convenience lifestyle that benefits to the customers. Hence, there will be an increasing need to address transportation emissions and raw material productions that derive from shopping habits.
One of the reasons that set online shopping habits to thrive is no barriers to all consumers. People tend to research more about the product before they purchase the products, whether it is online shopping or in-store. Online shopping gives people open access anytime anywhere whenever they wanted to do so. The customers won’t be district by the distances to the shopping places, limited preferred brands and styles, time-consuming on the commute ways and malls, etc. However, contrary to these barriers, online platform seems have no such concerns like so. Most people work from home and follow the guidelines to keep the social distance for preventing the virus spread during the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19). People are relying on online shopping as essential access for getting daily groceries by avoiding physical contact. The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that 213 countries are impacting by COVID-19 all over the world, the pandemic has forced people to change their lifestyle dramatically and slowed almost everything else’s down (2020). The delivery service transported the most medical supplies and necessities that support the hospital to use to treat and cure the patients and to meet people’s needs.
Solid waste characterization refers to the analysis of streams of wastes by determining their composition, i.e., metals, ash, paper, residues from foods, and glasses. The stable waste problem is caused by human behaviour, and the solution lies in changing that behaviour. Students’ awareness and attitude can affect solid waste management. The rational perspective and behaviour gaps often emerge due to a variety of reasons including social norms, lack of public awareness, lack of public participation on waste management practices and lack of education awareness on effective waste management techniques. Within this attitude, a gap exists in differences between one’s values and action on solid waste management. This specifically refers to the discrepancy between peoples concern over the environmental harm posed by different waste and limited movement to reduce the waste volume. Lack of education and awareness of effective solid waste management practises is a significant problem in developing countries. A case study was done at Gaborone, Botswana states citizens were aware of reliable waste recycling and sustainable waste management practices even though they do not practice waste management activities. They did not put in place waste management reforms and amid their waste management limited knowhow. The lack of interest in environmental management creates a culture of non-participation communities in the decision making process. This culture enhances the lack of responsibilities for waste issues. Ultimately this builds communities that have little knowledge of or concerns for their impact on the environment.
In order to overcome substantial waste problems, the awareness of each individual needs to be raised as well as their concerns, inculcating sustainable consumption practices and education on waste management. The environmental awareness and knowledge about ecological conservation can influence waste management attitude positively. Still, a positive attitude may not result in waste reduction if knowledge about solid waste management is weak. A small collection of substantial waste collection bin leads to inconvenience in garbage collection resulting in disposal of litters from various sources the entire compound. People become accustomed to throwing their in inappropriate places as there had been no formal system for sorting and destruction in their institution, so when changes are implemented people are not changing their disposal behaviour out of pure habit and custom. Many studies have been done in the developed countries to evaluate and apply strategies to reduce waste problems by means of behavioural interventions, but in developing countries, little has been done. This is essential in waste management. Waste is any substance that is unwanted or unusable. The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal of 1989, article 2, defines wastes as substances or objects, which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded. When correctly handled wastes of any form can create a business, and on the other hand, if not appropriately treated, it can cause threats to human health and the environment. Solid waste management entails collecting, processing and disposing of solid material. Solid wastes can be managed by source reduction through separating or segregating the wastes, eliminating raw materials that generate large amounts of wastes, and changing manufacturing processes. Waste recycling entails reusing wastes within the process or transferring them to processes that can make good use of them. Waste treatment includes any process that can change the physical, biological and chemical character of solid wastes. Waste disposal entails placing solid wastes on land or water, e.g., open dumping, and landfills, combustion and incineration. Solid waste characterization is one of the best ways of managing trash.
The change in the mindset leads to an automatic change in the game. One technique of helping to achieve the Global Paper Vision is to proactive with people and educate them to eliminate the paper consumption. Motivation lasts for such a short period; it’s a discipline that lasts forever” (Therese, 2020, 14:55). More focus must be placed on focusing on oneself at an individual level. Exploration of alternatives to paper, but understand and avoid negative impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions, from plastic, digital and other “options (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018) Low utility to unread magazines, unwanted direct mail (junk mail), excessive packaging and throwaway cups…. Being low utility but also relatively low volume, will make less impact” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). Shopping online offers many opportunities to increase the efficiency of online shopping behaviour by improving the availability of product information, enabling direct multiattribute comparisons, and reducing buyer search costs (Alba et al., 1997; as cited in Childers et al., 2001).
Industrial Systems Dynamic Influences
The industrial systems require greater responsibility by the industry for the life cycle management of their products” (Lewis & Sonneveld, 2004). Who argued that industry needed to take more responsibility for recovery of their products at end-of-life, either by taking products back directly or by subsidizing local government recycling programs (Lewis & Sonneveld, 2004). Sustainability journey’ for packaging is necessarily complicated because packaging plays such a critical role in product distribution, retailing and consumption. The transition process towards sustainable packaging needs to include consideration of this role in more massive production and consumption systems with many stakeholders” (Lewis & Sonneveld, 2004).
“many newsprint and packaging grades have more than 50% recycled content, printing and writing paper has a global average of only 8% recycled content, so there is still much room for improvement. By more effectively controlling contamination and implementing more robust recycling systems in developing countries, the amount of recycled fibre that could be used could still be nearly doubled before it reaches the upper limit of technical potential” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). The pulp and paper industry is one of the world’s biggest polluters, as well as one of the heaviest users of freshwater (making one A4 sheet of paper uses as much as 20 litres of water) and energy (using 4% of world energy). It is chemically intensive, with toxic chemicals discharged as effluent into waterways where they pollute rivers, harm ecosystems, bio-accumulate, and eventually enter the food chain… Pulp and paper mills also release air pollutants in the form of delicate particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen and Sulphur oxides which can also affect public health. The report finds a need and opportunity for the North American industry to modernize and implement cleaner technologies to match mill emission levels of mills in other regions” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018). Light-weight packaging can increase products sales, reduce breakages and cut transport emissions” (The State of The Global Paper Industry, 2018. Each express delivery order requires multiple packaging materials, including corrugated and paperboard boxes, plastic and woven bags, taps, polystyrene foams, and air-bubble blister stuffing. For example, express parcel paper & board waste does contain polyvinyl chloride (PVC), mostly originating from sticky tapes. While many packaging materials such as corrugated boxes can be recycled or reused, the majority of packaging wastes from express delivery end up in municipal solid waste (MSW) streams destined for landfilling or incineration or are simply being dumped without containing non-degradable materials such as plastic, polyethene plastic, expanded polystyrene plastic, polyester plastic, and so on, in inadequate treatment of packaging waste can lead to significant environmental implication” (Rochman, 2013; Li et al., 2016; as cited in Duan et al., 2019). Forty billion pieces of packaging in China. It was estimated that 7.8 million metric tons (MMT) (one-time standard deviation: 0.5) of packaging waste were generated in 2017
from the 40 billion packages or parcels delivered in China. This is equivalent to approximately 4.1% (±0.3%) of China’s total MSW generation in 2017 (Hoornweg and Bhada-Tata, 2012). Fig. Three shows that 6.7 MMT out of the total 7.8 MMT (86%) packaging waste generated in 2017 scrapped corrugated papers (boxes) and only 0.28 MMT (3.6%) were plastic materials. Specifically,
97% (by weight) of the plastics used in packaging were mainly from recycled polyethene materials. (Duan et al., 2019).
The amount of waste generated by a city, a town, market, or any institution is directly proportional to the population. The total amount of solid waste produced can be expressed in different ways. It can be expressed in terms of weight in kilograms per day or tones per day, tones per week, or kilograms per week, tones per month, or kilograms per month. The number of wastes produced can sometimes be expressed in cubic meters. The amount of waste generated can also be found by using waste generation rates all over the world; the rate of waste generation is growing bigger. The world’s cities generated 2.01billion tones of solid waste in 2016, which reflects 0.74 kilograms per person per day. The annual rate of waste generation is expected to rise by 70% as of 2016 rate to 3.4 billion tones in 2050. 2015 in Ghana, the waste generation rate is 0.47capita/day. Waste generated can be calculated by weighing the number of wastes produced by a household, let us say H kg, as an average of the total number of people by the number of days (H/(x*Y) kg /capita/day. Where x is the number of days and y is the number of people. Municipal solid waste characterization and quantification as a measure for effective waste management in Ghana. One of the major problems in solid waste management in the university campus is determining the composition and quantity of solid waste generated (de Vega et al., 2008; Mbuligwe, 2002; Starovoytova,2018). According to a study conducted in 2010 by forum for Environment/UNEP, in Bahir Dar on the composition of municipal waste found out that food wastes-43.5%, paper-9.4%, plastics- 3.3%, textile – 1.3%, rubber- 0.7%, leather- 0.2%, garden waste-11.9%, wood and charcoal- 1.7%, glass- 1.1%, metals -1.3%, ash and soil- 20.2%, others 5
Policy Recommendations and Implementation Strategies
The Australian Local Government Association (ALGA) produced a document, Waste Minimization Strategy: Kerbside Recycling in 1997 that stated that an efficient, effective and sustainable kerbside system should include ‘involvement of all stakeholders in a manner based on fair principles where responsibility is distributed based on a contribution to the problem’ (ALGA Kerbside Strategy p. b, cited in NEPC 1998: 124; as mentioned in Lewis & Sonneveld, 2004).
“for example between the ‘extended producer responsibility’ (EPR) model which is popular in Europe, and the ‘shared responsibility’ model promoted in the United States and adopted in Australia as a basis for the National Packaging Covenant. The outcomes of the stakeholder survey suggest the principle of shared responsibility has been accepted by most Australian stakeholders as a critical element of product stewardship, as this term was used by many survey respondents. Product stewardship tends to be defined (accepted) in Australia by all players in the packaging supply chain to mean ‘shared responsibility’ for minimizing environmental impacts. This is despite ongoing lobbying by some community groups, particularly local government and non-government environment groups, for some form of regulated EPR” (Lewis & Sonneveld, 2004).
Integrated solid waste management system
In some countries, the solid waste management system also handles human waste such as from incinerators, septic tanks sludge and sludge from sewage treatment plants and if the waste manifests hazardous characteristics, they should be treated as hazardous waste Agenda 21 (UNEP,1992). Awareness of our environmental problem has led to the development of new technologies to minimize the environmental impact related to solid wastes. It has shifted the primary concern of waste management from disposal to waste prevention, minimization and recycling, treatment and least of them is disposal. If adequately managed solid waste characterization can ensure the efficient management of waste through revealing the knowledge about the quantified and the types of waste generated and enhancing effects and sustainable management strategies of garbage. The lack of waste characteristics suggests the need to research and document waste composition in order to have the necessary data to propose better handling and management alternatives for solid wastes. There exists a variety of solid wastes. The environment and human health are the basis for grouping of solid wastes, which places solid wastes according to its sources and properties. There are several sources of solid waste. Institutional wastes, industrial wastes, mining solid wastes, agricultural sources, electronic wastes and hospital wastes. Mainly private and public institutions, e.g., offices, schools, universities, and prisons. Solid wastes generated here are paper, wood, food wastes, chalk dust, glass, and metals. These solids can be managed through composting.
The modern concept of the integrated solid waste management system is very complex comprising of not only the environmental aspect of the waste hierarchy or the technological aspect of the conventional approach but also incorporating economic, legal, institutional, political and cultural as well as the social issues. Environmental protection and economic feasibility of the system are the priorities of this approach. The implementation of the modern concept demands adequate institutional arrangements with rules and regulatory instruments, which defines the obligatory administrative, technical and financial standards complemented by a high technical, logistic and hygienic knowhow to operate an efficient waste collection and disposal system. Solid waste management is an integral component for achieving at least most of the sustainable development goals as the recovery of materials by separation before disposal operation, and alternatives will ensure excellent practice in the handling of solid waste. The guidelines adopted by the various principles as guided by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals encourage enabling increased access to information for people to be better informed about waste management activities in their country and adopting a life cycle approach to waste management and most critically the precautionary principle where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used for postponing cost-effectiveness measures to prevent environmental degradation. There are, however, numerous challenges that come along with the management of wastes. For instance, the lack of recycling activity for packing plastic is mainly due to the relatively high cost of separation and transport and the relatively low value of recycled plastics. In China, for example, currently, less than 40% of the paper-based packaging materials are recycled, and almost no plastic-based metals are recycling. The government should consider developing policies similar to the extended producer responsibility (EPR) to incentivize express delivery service providers to recycle post-consumer packaging waste. Single-sue corrugated boxes and plastic bags should be replaced by alternatives that can be used multiple time. Public awareness needs to be raised concerning environmental consequences of post-consumer packaging materials to encourage consumers and communities to sort domestic waste and separate packaging waste from another water stream for recycling” (Duan et al., 2019). In order to curb the problem unsustainability resulting from anthropogenic activities and other industrial processes, there has to be the implementation of ecofriendly policies. Technologies that lowers the emission of pollutants in the environment should be adopted in industries. Moreover, there should be the adoption of clean energy that can be renewed. These measures, therefore, reduce the impacts of human activities on the environment and thus enhances sustainability.
Conclusions
Waste characterization is an essential factor in a reliable waste management system. The significance of stable waste characterization is to choose the process and appropriate waste treatment and disposal options, design, and subsequent management and operations of disposal systems. Inadequate solid waste characterization has contributed to poor management of wastes in the university’s student hostels. The amount and type of solid wastes generated in the student hostels is growing every day. The university administration will be able to get information on the types of waste and quantity produced in the students’ hostels. The significance of documenting the composition of solid waste is to improve and record on appropriate waste treatment and disposal options, design and subsequent management and operation of the disposal system. Also, the research will help the institution to identify any significant changes in solid waste management and therefore take corrective actions.
Solid waste management is a term that is widely used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid waste. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. Solid wastes are generated from sources such as residential areas, eateries and departments, detergents and laundry, among others. Reliable water, as discussed above, are found in many different forms. They include conventional slid wastes, especially the food remnants, hazardous wastes, for example, the perfumes.
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