Structure of English

Structure of English

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Structure of English 2

Task 1

1. It symbolizes the donkey. The sentence means that it is a must for farmers to beat donkeys. A binding theory shows facts; when studying the facts, the patterns are annotated with subscripts. In this sentence, the subscript indicates that it must refer to the donkey. If the donkey and it have the same index, then the sentence will be termed as well-formed.
2. ‘Himself” and John do not co-refer to each other. Therefore the statement is wrong. The word himself requires another word that compliments it, for instance, a third person, however in this sentence, the noun John does not fit the place
3. This is an example of a negative polarity item. However, the sentence is correct since the use of “didn’t” counter each other to fulfil its meaning. For instance, John, not staying, did not surprise anyone. The first negative polarity item shows john refusal to stay, while the second one shows that no one was bothered by it.
4. The statement is grammatically incorrect. The verb surprised does not go together with anyone. Moreover, John didn’t stay should be separated from the surprised to make sense. The statement could also be corrected by making it poses a positive polarity item. For instance, John stay surprised everyone.

Task 2

1. The sentence in question here is an open interrogative clause. This is because open interrogative clauses are those that use the ‘wh-words’ including what, who, which, whose, why, when, where, and how. The sentence’s introduction ‘the ultimate question…’ gives a hint that the subordinate clause to be introduced will be a subordinate interrogative clause. Moreover, the expression ‘how much’ provides clarity that the subordinate clause is an open interrogative. In this case, the primary function of the clause is to act as a complement to the verb ‘is’.
2. A zero relative clause

‘It can do wrong’ is a zero relative clause since it represents the missing element at the beginning of the clause where the relative pronoun ‘very little’ has been omitted. There is the existence of a clearly understood relative element in the clause that links it with something outside it. In this case, the relative element links ‘there is very little’ with ‘it can do wrong’. The relative element could have been a wh-word, for example, that or which. Therefore, it would read ‘there is very little that it can do wrong’. However, the absence of a ‘wh-word’ makes the clause a non-fused relative clause. For such a clause, its function is to modify the omitted element. In this case, it modifies ‘very little’ although its omission creates some kind of incompletion that makes the word look like a compliment.

3. The sentence represents a zero infinitive clause. It is a type of clause that is complemented by a non-finite/ infinite verbal forms which are not preceded by ‘to’. It is also referred to as a bare infinitive clause. In the sentence, the ‘biker’ is the bare form of the verb ‘bicker’. A significant characteristic of zero infinitive clauses is that the subject is usually understood and corresponds to something outside the infinitive clause. In this case, the subject (Dustin and Steve) is complemented by the verb ‘watch’
4. The sentence is a fused relative clause. This type of clause is made up of a relative clause that is fused to an external antecedent rather than attaching it to the external antecedent and modifying it as a noun phrase. The sentence states ‘it knows exactly what people are watching for.’ This shows that the relative clause ‘what’ has been fused as both the head of the noun being referred to by the clause and the relativized item. The main unction o the clause, therefore, is to complement the verb ‘know.’
5. A gerund-participial clause is a clause that is made up of non-infinite verb forms that end with ‘–ing’. The word ‘finding’ in this case is the gerund participle. Infinitive clauses do not express tense on their own. Instead, they adopt the tense of their closest finite verb forms that came before it. In this case, the clause draws its tense from ‘has.’ The clause functions as a compliment since it complements the preposition ‘with.’
6. The subordinate conjunction ‘that’ makes the clause in the sentence a that-declarative clause. This type of clause indicates a statement of fact semantically. Its function is to complement the compound verb, which in this case is ‘find out’. Since the compound verb is transitive, it requires a complement.
7. The sentence is not only introduced by a relative pronoun. Instead, it is a prepositional phrase where the relative pronoun complements the preposition ‘in.’ The relative pronoun, in this case, is ‘which.’ Therefore, the clause is a wh-relative clause. Its function is to modify the head of the noun phrase it is connected to (which in this case is ‘scene’).
8. The sentence is a that declarative clause due to its introduction. Since it is introduced by ‘that’ as a subordinator. Although it comes immediately after a noun, there is no relationship between ‘that’ and the noun. It simply functions to provide content to the noun ‘hint.’ Moreover, the clause function is to complement the noun ‘hint.’
9. This sentence represents a comparative clause. This is because the clause has been introduced by a preposition ‘as’. The additional adjective ‘as’ in the main clause also shows that the clause is a comparative clause. Its function is to complement the preposition ‘as’.
10. The clause identified is gerund participial. The named clause revolve on non-finite verbal forms. Gerund phrases are extracted from verbs; we add ing. In this scenario, creating forms, the verb create. Creating being a non-finite form fails to express itself; however, it draws its tense from the finite verbal form, which is before it (deserves). The subjects of non-finite verbal forms are not directly clear; they correspond to expressions that are outside the non-finite clause.

Task 3

1. a) We have as humans; which is far more complex than the system of communication any other species has; and any other species has.
2. b) What was not clear

Whether those sign sequence were the result of applying rules of grammar.

Observing the learning process.

To tell.

1. c) Really focusing on how your body feels as you exercise.

That, by really focusing on how your body feels as you exercise, you can actually begin to move out of the immobilization stress response that characterizes PTSD or trauma.

To move out of the immobilization stress response that characterizes PTSD or trauma.

That characterizes PTSD or trauma.