Ethnic conflict case of Afghanistan.
Afghanistan is usually viewed by noncitizens at an angle of tribal and terror nation due to the Taliban regime in the year 2001. Afghanistan is among the sophisticated countries in weaponry and technology wise, this rise in innovations, religion, and politics has resulted in ethnicity hence war. Ethnic war is a conflict between two or more converging group and also individual strife. Disputes may arise due to religion, social economic, and political (Raymond Taras and Rajat Ganguly Routledge. 2015). This essay will discuss the individual conflict, domestic and finally on the international Afghan war.
The cause of war is distinguished by three levels that are individual, the domestic or state and international pillar. Each level has a purpose and contribution to the rise of international conflict. The individual level which is the first concentrates on personal human actions. The second level emphasizes their operations within the state hence results in the international level as the third level which focuses on the global setting.
One fashionable evidence as the reason why war happens is due to the individual decision to bring a calculated move on how to carry out a cold war and ethnic war to specific groups. This occurs when one is capable of providing a unique decision every time on any issue affecting his/her wellbeing. The foundation of this level may be due to sinfulness from the forefathers hence inherited. This avaricious being may result in international at later stages.
On that note, the person becomes the commander, policy maker and do all that he/she can to prove the superiority by inventing weapons. The innovation of massive and deadly weapons is the decision of an individual thus results in international after fatal incidence of ignition. One can model a new weapon or improvise the available weapon to fit the kind of war is planning to undertake.
Contributing factor to the individual conflict level is the rise of elites to study different algorithms used to develop certain weapons by the use of science matrix. One elite person goes deep to research on a particular weapon reaction and later unleash it during a war. The results from the individual weapon development may cause more harm to the environment or even self thus resulting in international conflict. This act of weapon modeling and improvising happens when one becomes aggressive on parentship and learn it from the family patterns by learning through observation and application in the real world. At this stage of learning mostly men are curious and aggressive than women; this also happens due to cultural norms.
In the circumstances of job placement, there is a person responsible for job letter collection and may decide to collect only letters from their family. The decision made by the individual to recruit their family members is a kind of nepotism and may lead to constant conflict due to dominance (Martins Ewas, 2002). This usually depends on the state of educations, and thus the educated elites decide generally for themselves any undertakings. An individual chooses to due to low literacy percentage.
Due to the level of the low level of literacy, some individual tends to dominate due to various needs such as power and self-esteem. From this reason, the under education has resulted in the development of the war zone and the commander makes all decisions about this selected few. This kind of leaders making decision physiologically has yielded too few considerations; this happens due to struggling for power which is considered individual greed for leadership and authority to rule.
Having considered all the possibilities of individual contribution to the Afghanistan war, there is a need at some quarters that the pressure yields to domestic or state conflicts. At this level of warfare, the inhabitants of Afghanistan have chaos amongst themselves. From approximation, Afghanistan has a population of 30 million with the Pashtun being the highest followed by Tajik and the smaller sub ethnical clusters, for instance, Aimak, Turkmen, and Nuristani (Martins Ewas, 2002). From the population, 99% comprises of Muslims.
Notably, Afghanistan is among the low rated states due to its conflicts which are beyond the cumulative index rating. The conflicts are from political difference and have caused high alert on the watch out countries. The conflicts arise from the tribal chaos and difference; this arises when a dominant tribe requires too much of power and degree to leadership in the country by the help of foreign patrons (Bredee, 2008, p.58). The Pashtuns are the larger tribe, and from the research, it shows that always a ruler has come from them. The form of leadership from one ethnic group has caused other tribes being oppressed to raise the alarm and caused conflicts finally.
In addition to the tribal clashes and multitribal chaos, another notable conflict is religion. Irrespective of the population is 90% Muslims; there have been differences between the majority and the minority; the majority are the Sunni while the minority are the Shias. The two groups of Islamic has raised an ignition of conflict over time with the top marked movement of Taliban which comprises of the religious students. Up to date the fight of the Taliban is still on high end this conflict started way back the year 2001 when the Taliban militia had the country in control by use of powerful Islamic reign.
Moreover, social status and level of illiteracy have contributed to conflicts in the state. In Afghanistan, the rate of illiteracy is high; hence ration to literate is low due to inadequate of career building institutes. Due to lack of social amenities, the available job vacancies have been directed to one tribe or a subgroup dominating in one place of work, for instance, NGOs. People hire based on closeness and relatives due to social caution characterized in the Afghan daily society that a member of a family should help others. Due to that reason the elites from well off tend to leave the country and the schools to further their studies. The existing schools were damaged during the domestic war due to illiteracy from the Taliban reign. The illiteracy rate in Afghan is as low as 45% male and 15% being female (Vigier 2009, p.85). Due to lack of training, the people of Afghanistan depend on non-skilled odd jobs.
Consequently, the lack of enough security ignited domestic conflict tainting the peace available; this is because of the availability of illegal mass destructive weapons in the armed militia. This happens due to lack of enough government police officers to provide security to the local people. The people living near the border are so insecure hence dare to own illegal arms for defense and safety in case of an attack. The low profile kept by the police officers is due to illicit drugs and corruption. The cause of conflict is due to the untrained number of staffs compelling the power of corruption at the border and indulgence from the criminal gang.
As a result of individual conflicts and domestic conflicts, global ethnic war. Afghanistan has undergone the conflict since the year 1970, ad with the current conflict now is the fight to eradicate Taliban which dates back its roots to 2001 (Larry Goodson, 2001). The United States and the United Kingdom have combined their effort to fight the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, and it succeeded in the year 2001. The United States also promised to fight the Taliban militarily to the end and create a viable society for the inhabitants of Afghanistan. With joint operation with the NATO United States of America pull the Taliban regime down and assassinated the anti-Taliban leader by the name Ahmed Shah Masoud on the year 2001 month of September.
Moreover, Afghanistan has a series of history on battles involving mass destruction with the international superpower intervention including, USA, Pakistan, British Empire, the USSR, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. It has set legacy incapability to defend itself from any foreign invasion. The bandit of recruiters inflicted fear hence successful mobilization of the mass to act against the foreign international countries (William Maley, 2002). Even though the United States had trained the Afghan police, provided support and funds to equip their armory fully, most of the Afghan opposition had to save havens at the Pakistan border. They could cross without being noticed by the Pakistan government and this caused instability.
In a couple of years, there has been complaining about how international funds are spent and has caused dissatisfaction (Vigier, 2009, p.93). The international allies have spent most of the funds on an appraisal of Afghanistan military police and in addition to that they have managed to drag down tension among Afghan by sending air strikes and night raids.
Due to this joint operation by the international intervention, there comes the existence of armed opposition groups with the aim of continuously causing chaos. The armed opposition set comprises of several organizations. The unemployed youths are the main target to be recruited to the groups. For instance, ISIS is a new invasion which threatens lives after the NATO allies withdraw in Afghanistan. It developed as an Islamic state recognition and as a branch of Taliban group making awareness of their existence.
In conclusion, the Afghanistan war is complex because it’s based on geopolitical issues, religion, and social economic. So, to bring peace and harmony in Afghanistan, it requires the combined effort from Afghanistan government and to join the opposition groups together and tables a long-lasting correlation by strengthening justice, fighting corruption and form peace organization with the inclusive of women in search for peace and stability. The creation of peace awareness will require ample time with support from the government with political inclination.
References
Breede, C. (2008). A socio-economic profile of Afghanistan. Canadian Army Journal,11(3), 54.
Larry Goodson, (2001). Afghanistan endless war: State failure, regional politics, and the rise of the Taliban. University of Washington Press. P.5.
Michael E Brown, (1997). Causes and implications of ethnic conflict. The ethnicity reader, 80-100
Martins Ewas, (2002). Afghanistan: A Short History of its people and politics. PP. 122, 136, 153-158.
Raymond Taras and Rajat Ganguly Routledge, (2015). Understanding ethnic conflict.
Vigier, C. (2009, February 1). Conflict Assessment of Afghanistan. PP. 85,93.
William Maley, (2002). The Afghanistan wars. P. 154.
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