NCFR Substance Areas
Families and Individuals in Societal Contexts
Changing families in the European Union: Trends and policy implications
This article reviews the different impacts of the new roles of different genders in families and societies. Over time, there have been significant shifts in family forms and structures. Family patterns have undergone extensive reforms. Fertility rates have decreased, and childbearing is being experienced in later ages, mostly outside marriage. As a result, marriages have been postponed and do not appear to be a priority as relationships, both marital and non-marital, have become more fragile (Olah, 2015). These practices have led to complications and diversities in family composition and also parenthood responsibilities.
Today there are increased incidences of people refraining from long term relationships. Additionally, cases of separation and divorce are no longer new to us. Women have become more economically empowered and are evolving themselves more in the labor workforce and employment opportunities. These cases have been attributed to equality changes among men and women that have led to disputes in families (Olah, 2015). Most of the women do not withdraw from economic opportunities after the marriage that has led to less time for their families. Thus, families are becoming less fragile and adopting less size of households, which are easy to maintain and uphold. Nonetheless, in some countries, there is still a significant economic gap in male and female activities as women have not been appreciated to work economically.
Although the disparities in gender reforms and roles have changed how families interact and, in turn, how they are perceived in society, it is still valid to say that there are some of the few families that can withstand these changes. The paper has only limited itself to European countries, and that may not be the same everywhere. Additionally, the scope of study may only have involved a smaller number of a group, which may be a limiting factor. Thus, it is still possible that other women can take up economic roles and manage their families.
Vulnerability of families with children: Major risks, future challenges and policy recommendations
The paper addresses the vulnerability of some of the children in society. It seeks to understand the factors underlying the well-being of families amidst different social and economic developments and the various measures that can be kept to ensure the security of children. There are multiple dimensions of vulnerability, financial difficulties, and stabilities, social stigma, and exclusion from the societies among the different aspects (Mynarska, 2015). Therefore, there are different reasons why some of the families that require more attention and social support.
Other economists have argued that no family structure can lead to vulnerability. Nevertheless, it is generally inevitable that some families face some type of risk. Single-family structures and families that have a large number are perceived to be at the forefront of such vulnerability. These families experience the challenge of a social embodiment with their children or the need to fulfill economic duties (Mynarska, 2015). The inability to connect between the two spheres of life may result in a socio-economic problem. Parents may be exposed to engaging jobs or, at times, limit themselves to spend more time with their families, which in turn reduces their income.
Additionally, the paper further looks into other development that could be significant in the event of vulnerable families. These include changes in the childcare provision, changes in the economic structure as more females involve themselves in the workforce, the role and culture of workplaces concerning family responsibilities, and also economic development in the future. However, there are different opinions on how these factors affect the vulnerability of the families; For example, economic growth could be substantial in reducing poverty and thus vulnerability, but yet it could exert more pressure on vulnerable families.
Although the paper brings out how vulnerable families may be supported by inputting different factors. The paper overlooks as much as family development is a societal development; it is as much personal development. Therefore, individuals should make sure they have families they can take care of and take guard of their family situations.
Internal Dynamics of Families
Family Dynamics and Child Outcomes: An Overview of Research and Open Questions
The article covers a special review of family dynamics, children’s well-being, and the consequent changes they get in life. In the past, the diverse change in family structures and practices- such as divorce and separation increase, the emergence of cohabitation and stepfamilies, and the increased single-family parenthood-has led to arguments of the child well beings and development. In previous years, research has shown that children who are not brought up by their biological parents end up to be having worse results than their counterparts.
These studies have associated the finding to the stress and traumatic condition a child faces during family transitions, conflicts arising from the same, economic changes, and change in parenthood (Juho et al., 2013). The paper answers questions on the direct association of child outcomes to growth with their biological parents, whether these differences in child outcomes are a result of family transition if these children have preexisting issues affecting and finally whether the children are affected equally by these factors.
The paper gives a conclusive finding that parent separation brings a lot of undesired outcomes to children. It involves conflicts and estrangements that bring negative effects and even affect the psychological stability of a child (Juho et al., 2013). Additionally, the children need to adjust themselves better to the new social surrounding that may cause them to distance themselves from society and have strained relationships. Therefore, they may tend to have lower grades and poor performance in their educational reports. However, their different children exhibit different effects from the family strains. Thus it is not significant to say that children that grow with family instabilities end up with worse outcomes. Additionally, the sample size could not be efficient to effective conclude the findings.
Family dynamics and housing: Conceptual issues and empirical findings
Over the past few decades, researchers have majored on the relationship between family transitions and family housing. This article conducts an empirical finding of and ideas concerning this connection. The paper has concentrated on three main concepts, the connection between leaving one’s parental home and housing, the relationship between marriage and parenthood to housing, and the relation between divorce and separation and housing (Mulden, 2013). The paper also addresses the impact of economic evolution on housing and majorly focuses on its ownership of homes and rental living.
The paper finds out that many significant youths may consider leaving their homes due to strains and expectations for their parents (Mulden, 2013). Furthermore, their decision might be affected by the chances of job opportunities and education. However, the housing they move to is limited to their financial ability and preference. Results show that children of home-owned parents are likely to continue lining in their parents’ homes. Secondly, space, quality, security, and safety and flexibility of the home affects the type of housing a family chooses. A big family will require a bigger house; consequently, most families will strive over security and protection in their home and the environment.
Additionally, there has been a strong connection of marriage to homeownership, while most single individuals resolve to live as tenants. Couples often seek to own their homes as secure investments. However, though the connection between marriage and homeownership has been common, it is recently declining (Mulden, 2013). The research, however, has several limitations. Though the findings show a defined connection between relationships and housing, the study completely ignores the phase of the formation of these partnerships, such as dating. Additionally, the research conducted has based itself on shorter periods and thus not conclusive if the same applies for more extended periods.
Human Growth and Development Across the Lifespan
Child Health and Human Development over the Lifespan.
The topic regarding child growth and the general development of a person has occupied much attention over time. These concerns include advancements during pregnancy, childbirth, childhood, teenagehood adolescence, adulthood, and finally, death. Therefore, knowledge about these stages is crucial to identify the different risks and increase longevity among humans. Since birth, children are exposed to several health issues .health clinicians thus primary in addressing the well –being of a child through until teenage. However, since development goes into the whole life span of a person, there is a need to study and become familiar with the development process.
Regardless, the lifespan of an individual starts from conception. After delivery, new issues arise, such as proper breastfeeding of the child, immunization process, the necessary health care treatment that a child should receive, screening tests, and appointments (Merrick, 2013). Development constitutes of the different changes that a child will undergo during this period until growth. It is important to note that at this time, there are numerous challenges that the child, parents, and the family at large. Thus, large birth cohorts have been studied to show the different factors that affect the well-being and growth of children (Merrick, 2013). These studies are essential to determine the type of healthcare quality, quality of life, and also emerging issues affecting health that are continually evolving.
However, as much as the paper addresses the need for these studies, there exist several limitations that may hinder the same. Since such cohorts are vast, they are costly to study. Additionally, the large logistics that underlie the cohorts are extremely more impossible to conduct. Lastly, since the studies are over a long period, the emerging issues in this period may not be similar to a specific time in the future and thus bring about difficulties.
Connecting life span development with the sociology of the life course: A new direction
The lifespan of a human being has grown dimensionally within the disciplines of social sciences. This article has addressed the various issues that interlink between life-course sociology and life span psychology. The article takes into consideration the works of Erik Erikson that show prominent development on the centrality of identity crisis being the fundamental cause of the outcome of one’s adulthood and, secondly, the continuous growth and development into adulthood. The paper goes ahead to address the continuing failure to address the connection between the two disciplines and notes the negative neglect Erik’s model has concerning adult development to draw a conclusive scope that is informative in the sociological study of a life course(Gillead & Higgs,2015). Additionally, it analyzes the possibilities of sociology to appreciate Erikson’s ideas and either uses them in their studies or provide a different point of view.
Erik Erikson’s model was developed over half a century ago. While most of his works and childhood and infant development by scholars have received minor attention, his concepts about growth and development in adulthood have continued to gain considerable and quantitative attention about the life span and aging idea (Gillead & Higgs, 2015). Erikson attributes growth and development to biological, social, psychological factors that influence the maturity of a person into adulthood. His model of development contains eight stages, four in a person’s childhood and four after adolescence until adulthood. This paper also looks into the numerous criticisms that this model has gained from scholars. The paper’s main aim is to connect Erikson’s ideas with social changes today. Though the paper is highly resourceful to researchers, most of them do not conform to these ideas, and it may be challenging to show this societal gap to them, considering that there exists much less information concerning this study.
Human Sexuality
Understanding normal development of adolescent Sexuality: A bumpy ride
Adolescence is a critical period of growth band development. During this period, significant biological changes take place. At this stage, a person’s thoughts, perceptions, as well as their responses, are integrated sexually. Adolescence is, therefore, an essential landmark for Sexuality that occurs in human development. These changes brought about by puberty put different individuals to the different stressful positions that may have further physical and emotional adverse effects. It is thus important to understand Sexuality as it has significant implications. This article thus reflects on the different factors that affect Sexuality in a human being.
The development of Sexuality starts as early as conception and proceeds to adolescence and, finally, adulthood (Choudhury & Sigh, 2015). During childhood at around 3 yrs., the child is already able to associate with their gender. However, primary and significant changes occur during adulthood. The paper classifies adolescence into three stages, early, middle and late ages. It is at this stage, where individuals become overly concerned with their bodies.
Research on developing countries has shown that teenagers in these areas are at more risk due to rapid changes resulting from urbanization, educational impact, and migration (Choudhury & Sigh, 2015). These individuals suffer more exposure to early pregnancies, marriages, abortions, and also a contraction of sexually transmitted diseases. Moreover, in some of these countries, cultural norms have affected sexuality discussions; thus, youth only know a little about the subject. Nonetheless, the attitude of an individual’s Sexuality is not only limited to social, biological, and psychological factors but also political environments, spiritual, ethical, moral, and influence from the media. Sexual education is of utmost importance. The study clearly explains a diverse range of factors affecting Sexuality. Additionally, it expounds on different regions in its research, thus offering a bare minimum in its limitations.
Parents, peers, and sexual values influence sexual behavior during the transition to college.
Over recent decades, multiple studies have been conducted that show the effects of psychology on sexual behaviors of adolescence. However, they have been close to minimal studies on the impact of parental and peer influence and sexual values on sexuality behaviors. This article stressed to find out how parents and friends may impact on the personal sexual actions of an individual.
The paper goes ahead to analyze the influence of parents on sexual behavior, the impact of peers on sexual activity, perception, or awareness of concerns from others about one’s Sexuality (Wetherill et al.,2009). Sexual values and attitudes that these young adults possess during the transition period and if these factors have a significant effect on an individual’s sexual behavior. The study analyzes 2250 participants, where 60% of the individuals are female, aged between 17 and 19 years. Though the research covers a wide scope of races, the majority of the participants are Caucasians, Latin’s, and Asian Americans (Wetherill et al., 2009). Additionally, the study analyzes if the sexual behaviors of an individual change through their experience on campus.
The study finds out that there is a correlation between these factors and the sexual behaviors of the students. Higher liberal sex values were experienced by students whose friends and parents showed minimal concerns about their Sexuality. Although the increase in partners was negligible among genders, females were perceived to have more partners than males. Additionally, students with high moral values were more likely to exhibit a stable relationship, and fewer sexual partners.
However, although the study uses a logical figure to conduct the studies, the research has only based itself on one university, and the results may be different in other universities. Moreover, the study exhibits more attention to a particular race. Thus the finding may not be conclusive since the students’ behaviors may be affected by other factors apart from those in the study.
Interpersonal Relationships
Human communication and effective interpersonal relationships: An analysis of client counseling and emotional stability
Man is viewed as a social being that continually seeks to create lasting relationships and interact with others. Gardner recognizes interpersonal relationships as one of the many intelligence that a man possessed. These relationships vary in terms of magnitude and depth. The scholar has identified the need for interpersonal skills in a wide range of professional interventions to offer personal validations. For example, some of the disciplines, such as counseling, rely on communication so to identify the challenges and deliver the relevant solutions.
In the past, researchers have highly correlated the need for enhanced communication skills, both verbally and non-verbally, as creating cornerstones for counselor-client relationships (Adigwe & Okoro, 2016). Additionally, it should be an essential exercise for counselors to identify the personality and self-awareness of individuals, which provides better insights and help them to administer to their patients well. Moreover, the paper also recognizes that when counselors practice a high degree of communication, the patient becomes more trustworthy. Thus it creates a mutually beneficial relationship where the client can get maximized therapy. Even though other researchers have argued that mastery of content the one that facilitates success in therapy, it cannot be possible if one cannot harness trust among the clients.
The paper also identifies that in need to create a mutual relationship, three things must be satisfied (Adigwe &Okoro, 2016). The needs and the problems of the clients are identified and well explored, different and alternate approaches are taken to provide a solution, and the client is advised to take on better behaviors. The paper clearly identifies with interpersonal skills in facilitating better services; however, it does not look into the counselor’s personality but only the clients who may affect how they interact and deliver their works.
Interpersonal relationships and communication as a gateway to patient and public involvement and engagement.
Human beings are perceived as social creatures. Thus, they often long to form new relations and also keep their old relations stable. Human relations may vary from friendships to a deep connection in the case of a spouse. In enterprises, organizations, and people continuously seek to create friendly lasting relationships with their customers. This article gives a clear picture of how health care systems strive to improve better performance and patient outcomes by increasingly involving patients in their operations (Chambers, 2018). To facilitate more engagement with the patients, health workers not only need to be good communicators but also apply trustworthy interpersonal relationships.
The paper goes ahead to illustrate how patients can contribute to the delivery of services and influence how decision making in healthcare industries and if their contribution actually makes a significant impact on healthcare practices (Chambers, 2018). However, as much as engaging consumers in major decision-making strategies results in to increase in the possibilities of successful implementation, arguably, it can be seen that patient involvement in health procedures does not necessarily to more significant impacts on how they are treated. Additionally, in looking for ways to engage patients at different levels, the paper shows that different approaches work differently for different audiences. Therefore in a health facility that wants to facilitate better medical care through the participation of the patients, they need to know which methods are better suited for specific problems.
The paper has conclusively tried to portray both sides of including patients in the decision-making process or not. However, the article may not be conclusive enough since most of the findings obtained relate to the European areas. Thus, it is not evident if patients from other areas would provide similar results given the same procedures.
Family Resource Management
Financial management and culture: The American Indian case
Financial behavior refers to human behavior regarding money and resource management. Thus, these financial behaviors will influence the general income of a person. Financial education focuses on the economic behavior of a person and the consequent financial outcomes. These behaviors are affected by specific factors such as cultural underpinnings, societal norms, peer influences, and economic conditions. Family is a kept component that encompasses different ethnicities and cultures and therefore lays a foundation for financial management. Alternatively, families are greatly affected by their lifestyles. It defines how they view things. These cultural norms include beliefs and values and traditions.
The paper analyzes the different factors that affect financial behaviors and outcomes. It takes a comparative study of American Indian families and how various attributes have influenced their financial decisions (Danes et al., 2016). These factors include the meaning of families in American Indian families, the importance of spirituality in human well-being, core values, and belief, and last their financial management and decision making skills. The findings show that Indian families are porous and take consideration of everyone and that all their needs are met. Additionally, it was discovered that most of the household’s crucial resources were their children and social services other than financial support.
Most importantly, the Indian culture highly bases itself on relationships (Danes et al., 2016). These connections come with cultural beliefs and demands that their financial expectations should be met. Additionally, the well-being of a person is not only limited physically but spiritually as well and has significant financial implications for the families, such as ritual performance. The finding of this study is, however, limited since the research has of only whites and middle-class individuals. Therefore, there is little knowledge about the cultural norms that affect financial decisions.
A Theoretical Study of Family Resource Management.
Family management is an important topic that is growing and gaining more attention. Family economics is responsible for helping meet the needs of the household members amidst all the complexities arising from families. Household management refers to the process of using family resources to attain fulfillment of family .this includes families making appropriate to meet the different goals. However, household management is perceived to be complicated since families experience a scarcity of resources. Therefore, individuals in these families use their skills and talents to bear with these situations.
This article looks into the various steps involved in family management (Mehdi & Laily, 2011). They include identifying the problem at hand, accessing the values required and identifying the resources available, implementing, and finally evaluating the results. Different people have different management styles that are influenced by various factors. They include; the history, biology of the individual, personalities, and the technologies that individuals can access.
The paper assesses the family structure and the economic organization of a household and how they affect family management decisions (Mehdi &Layli, 2011). Additionally, the study conducts an Engel curve analysis to support its findings. Family is the basic unit that influences other dimensions, and thus results of this study are useful since they give information about family economics and consequent management. Additionally, it offers scholars the ability to create relevant programs to support family units in terms of economics. Nevertheless, it has a limitation to researchers since the scope of the study has not addressed time and has focused in the short term, and thus it is not evident if these findings will offer the same results in the future.
Parent Education and Guidance
Parent Education and Family Life Education: A Critical Link in Early Childhood Education Policy
Previous research conducted shows that a well-established family relationship and a conducive family environment results in the well-being of children and proper growth. It has pointed out the need for childcare to secure a child’s future and development. This article defines the role and effect of parent education on family practices that influence early child development, the readiness of a child to attend school, and learning achievement. It also gives recommendations on different policies that have been implemented on family education.
The paper shows that parenting is essential in early brain development and also offering secure attachment to children. Consequently, parenting is also critical in reducing occurrences of adverse childhood experiences. In the past, more interest and concern has been given to reduce the gap in young adults and children (“Parent Education and Family Life Education: A Critical Link in Early Childhood Education Policy,” n.d.). Various have been identified that accelerate this achievement. They include showcasing warmth and sensitivity, providing parental guidance and discipline, organization of the home environment, and suitable child routines, and participating in book reading experiences and activities with their children. The paper insists on focusing on the whole family rather than solely the child’s achievement and progress in school to achieve the maximum potential of the child.
The paper looks into how well these parenting programs are effective in ensuring the success of the children. It identifies that age and income are significant factors that may undermine the results of these programs. In as much as the paper recognizes the importance of these programs and factors cause the programs not to work. It does not look into other external factors that have an impact on a child’s growth even after receiving proper care from parents that could cause underachievement even after proper care.
Scholars are identifying an important issue in child development and the performance of the child. They have gained particular interest in how the involvement of a parent in their child’s life may result in better student achievement. This paper thus studies the different parental interventions that may have an impact, to aid the research(Shute,2011). It closely studies previous literature on the relationship between parental involvement and achievement of students in primary and high school levels. The paper also attempts to generalize the results and discuss the fields that bring out controversies and those that require further research in the future.
The idea of parent participation is appealing to many disciplines of a child and, most especially, the education sector. Even though most of the practitioners have supported the increase in parent participation in their children’s affairs, there is yet an unclear situation that they should involve themselves and the results of their participation. It is, therefore, evident that establishing the relevant PI to practice is complex and difficult (Shute, 2011). The paper goes ahead to look at the outcome of the different PI’s taken. These include single parent involvement variables, the parent-child discussions about school, expectations, and aspirations of the guardian for their children, the style of parenting, negative and positive relations among them, and other variables.
The study, however, depicted limitations of lack to establish the difference between causal factors and correlation, the inconsistent definition of PI, and lastly, difficulties in determining the effects of Pi from other external factors. Moreover, many of the Parental intervention methods have not yet been efficiently researched. Additionally, it raises concerns about bringing up the need to be cautious about interpreting correlation data.
Family Law and Public Policy
The Use and Abuse of Social Science Research Evidence
in Children’s Cases
In most cases, when judges are forced to make a judgment about a parental case, they make the ruling in regards to the well-being of the child. They have the benefit of having individuals who can witness and draw conclusive research about the children’s best interests. While social science has been well perceived in the society, and most of the cases using basic knowledge to rule the outcome of a case, social science is increasingly becoming problematic (Cashmore &Parkinson, 2014). This article identifies the issues involved in passing relevant findings and the dangers and challenges that may arise by using social science research to cases pertaining to families and children.
The principal aim of this article is to identify the key issue in regard to using social science to resolve disputes on children matters .this study is relevant since it seeks to assist judges and lawyers about the assessing witnesses and the validity and relevance of the evidence provided in bringing a better picture about the incidence (Cashmore and Parkinson, 2014). Arguably, there are potential benefits of using social science research, but on the other hand, there exists potential misunderstanding and abuse. The paper analyzes the independent assessment reports, lawyer-led research evidence, amicus curiae briefs, and the evaluation of social science evidence. It goes ahead to question the applicability of the research findings. The paper conducts a comparative assessment of these factors and goes a notch higher to include the findings of other social scientists. The limitations concerning this study are that social research is deemed as ‘gold standard’; thus, information concerning children and families is scarce and difficult to find and often seen as non-ethical. Therefore, the information attained may not be that resourceful in the research.
It’s Arbitration, But Not as We Know It: Reflections on Family Law Dispute Resolution
According to Whales and England court proceedings, one of the considered forms of reconciliation is arbitration. In 2012, an Institute of Family Law arbitration was established to enhance family law disputes and provide a framework on how these cases should be handled. In recent times, there has been evolvement of other arbitration organizations. This paper looks into the current development of family arbitration societies in different jurisdictions and the occasional references to other differences. The article, however, does not look into an extension of court rulings regarding personal factors, religion, and customary practices.
The paper further looks into the factors that make arbitration a weaker or stronger form of conflict resolutions among the other forms. It goes ahead and to identify how arbitration processes have been reformed to fit in and adapt in the diverse conflicts affecting societies.it also looks into the regulatory framework for arbitration, of family law disputes-here a family is defined and the framework of families provided by the national codes-state interest, arbitration and judicialization of divorce, and the general country overview.
The paper goes ahead to look at the other different methods of conflict resolution and the different factors that affect the choice of a conflict resolution method. These factors include power imbalance, the existence of the third party, the state interest in family matters and affairs, the familiarity of the conflict method, and lastly type of contract of the marriage(Kennett, 2016). The paper provides a conclusive finding of the different types of conflicts and how they come in force in conflict resolution, however it does not take into consideration that the choice of resolution method may be affected by other external factors.
Professional Ethics and Practice
Professional ethics and codes and their constituent functions have a variety of definitions.it can basically mean the ways of sending a message that to the general community regarding the moral standards and values that guide professional behavior. These standards also address the morals behind research and publications over the numerous disciplines. Over the past years, there have been increasing issues in misconduct and unethical behavior pertaining to research at a global level. Research misconduct and in competencies meanings vary from one country to another; however, in a more general context, research integrity refers to the behavior viewed in terms of professionalism. It is part of the ideal research behavior as opposed to research misconduct.
Despite the crucial importance of integrity in professionalism, it is unclear as to how professionals have instilled these concepts to their subordinates(Komic et al.,2015). there is a vast knowledge concerning the codes of ethics, yet there is close to minimal information about how these codes are integrated. This article provides a general overview of the basic codes and ethics that have been implemented among the vast disciplines. It generates a list of research ethics and used in the United States department of health and human services. It then presents the preliminaries of the results, which include major findings and those that contradict each other. The paper finds out that most of the abused ethics include plagiarism, inaccuracy, and conflicts of interest. The paper, however, bases itself on one organization, which is a limiting factor to the scope of the study.
Additionally, the codes are only related to one state, which may vary within the other states. Thus may not share a conclusive finding and results. The study, however, fails to address the factors that result in students not using these models. Thus, the providence of models without conclusive results, how the students will use them, and if they will work is inefficient.
‘From professional ethics to ethics in professional life: implications for learning, teaching, and study
Literature has significantly grown over the last couple of years, in a more holistic approach in terms of professional ethics. In turn, this growth can specifically be narrowed down in terms of social professions. Due to technological advancements, there has been a rise in the number of journals and books. This article gives recommendations about the various professional ethics and decision-making models that are mostly recommended to students (Banks, 2009). Professional ethics refers to the integrity used in academics and other professional disciplines. In this article, professional ethics has been linked to codes and analysis of cases to provide a conclusive decision-making model.
Further, the paper shows that when there exists a conflict of interest between the principles a student should make a judgment in the following order-protection of life, equality and inequality, autonomy and freedom, least of harm, quality of life, confidentiality and privacy, and lastly trustworthiness and full disclosure(Banks,2009). Other types of models are ones that consist of the analysis of the problem at hand .the various questions asked include the facts of the problem? The interests at stake? What is the dilemma about? The alternate options and solutions? Conclusion of the problem, the decision making, and finally, evaluation and reflection of the outcomes.
Although there are different models, studies have shown that individuals rarely use these models. Additionally, there exists the question of if these models are appropriate enough and result in the students making the appropriate decisions. However, to succeed in professional ethics, one must practice the elements of ethics, commitment, character, and ethics. The study should first seek to address the issues in hand and then after proposing the use of models after the issues are resolved.
Family Life
Education Methodology Whole-family research: Towards a methodology in tourism for encompassing generation, gender, and dynamic group perspectives.
Families that often travel with children represent a large market to the tourism sector. However, the research developments on family tourism are underdeveloped as the study requires a more holistic approach and a critical view. This article identifies the drawbacks that come up from methodological research. It introduces whole family research that is a qualitative research that combines the individual and group perspectives of family members. The study mail bases its research on family tours to New Zealand. The paper considers the following methodical issues concerning family tourism, diversity of family functions, accessibility of the families, inclusivity of fathers, and projection techniques factors.
The paper additionally includes three examples of merits associated with whole family research. They include the views of a father, group dimensions, and children. The article notes that the lack of inclusivity of fathers, children, and group analysis arises from the limited study approaches. Despite the economic significance of the family tour, there is yet conclusive research about this type of tourism. There are only a few researches that have investigated family tours with children. This limitation shows that the tourism sector is lagging and shows the extent to which fathers are invisible in society and how children are marginalized (Schanzel, 2010). The study proposes the need for a conceptual framework the addresses the family perspective. The study also shows how the proposed methodological research can be used as a critic of tourism research. It uses the interpretive paradigm and also conducts parental surveys in the research. Additionally, the study provides other related case studies that have been worked on before. This study acts to fill a gap that exists in tourism regarding a family context however it is unclear about how applicable this research methodology is
Toward an integrated science of research on families
The principal and significant importance of a workshop are to determine the different type of methodologies that have been used to provide a clear picture of family structures, formations, and relations. In studies about family research methods, biological and behavioral practices have been seen to go hand in hand, but currently, they have distinguished themselves as separate entities that offered better opportunities in measuring family processes with greater levels of precision. This article looks deeper into how the potential of incorporating biological measures and the corresponding challenges that arise with the same.
Even though the implementation of biological measures are perceived to be difficult, the connection between biological processes and behavior is also complex. Moreover, this implementation requires a close connection between the indicators of different historical backgrounds, training, and difference in methodological perception. Some of the family researches underwent a scope of more than one workshop (‘Toward an integrated science of research on families, “2011). This paper reviews some of the methodologies and concerns and goes ahead to identify the three research approaches. They are research on biological stress and the responses, effects of family life on the health and well-being of a child, and contribution of economics to causal factors of arising in family research.
All the family research methodologies are different but use similar approaches that can be used in concern of other disciplines. The paper also assesses the impact of different environmental factors on a human’s psychological processes. The paper finds out that a methodological process with the ability to multiple levels has two important benefits, first resolving issues among disciplines and secondly, personalizing preventive measures. The papers offer very conclusive findings in the research but however, does not pay attention to how these developing can be accessed longitudinally.
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