Answer 1

Answer 1

1a

1b

p151nk4b: it is known as a tumour suppressor as it inhibits the activity of cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDK). It leads to a block in the G2M cell cycle transition. The aberrant expression is not surprising, and loss of function transmutation in this gene usually linked and allows cancerous cells to proliferate.

Small subunit I&S rRNA: it has the purpose essential for the structure and function of the ribosomes that happens during the protein translation. It is imperative to understand that the rRNAs usually make up 80% of all the RNA in a particular cell and, more importantly, are constitutive expresses in all cells whereby in this aspect, there is no change.

MOESIN: it is known as the Membrane -Organizing Extensive Spike Protein and usually identified as the ezrin, radixin, moesin protein family  (ERM), which aims to bind to both the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton actin proteins. It is vital for cell-cell communication and binding, which ultimately impacts the shape of the cell. One of the observations is the loss of functionality is seen in lung cancers as well as cell invasion and metastasis. In this case, it is not surprising that in cancerous cells, MOESIN mRNA significantly decreased in these specific lung cancer cells.

CYCLIN DI: In a scientific definition, it is a vital regulator that aims to protect the G/S cell cycle transition, and it does so by binding to cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDK) proteins specifically CDK4 and CDK6. It is vital to note that it is very typical in cancer for this type of gene mRNA protein to be over-express, inducing uncontrolled cell growth and division. Therefore it is no surprise that the lung cancer cells CYCLIN DI mRNA is significantly increased.

NF2: it is a fact that this gene mRNA encodes neurofibromin 2(NF2) Protein that aims to protect the production of a different protein named merlin, which in turn functions to affect the cell shape (similar to how above MOESIN protein functions. It is a fact that merlin has a trait of being a tumour suppressor. It is essential to understand that inherited mutations in the NF2 gene are related to the non-cancerous tumours in and around the ear; therefore, in the cancerous cells, NF2 mRNA is significantly decreased in these lung cells.

CDK4: Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 is known as a primary regulatory protein which aims in controlling transition through the G1 phase cell cycle. When there is an increase in the CDK4 expression, which associates with some cancer by activating the GI phase of the cell cycle and the abnormal cell growth.

Transferring receptors: They tend to have essential functions in the uptake of iron into cells through binding to transferrin, which in turn binds to iron. The purpose of metal as the cofactor for numerous enzymes, some involved in mitochondrial functionality. In some cases, the cancer expression of Transferrin receptors is increased but not in full. Therefore the increase in expression of TR mRNA is mostly located in some lung cancers that it is not grown.

Answer 2

Answer: it is vital to understand that the Usher syndrome type-1G protein is usually known as the protein that in humans is encoded by the USH1G gene. One of the human genes encodes this particular protein, which consists of three ankyrin domains, a class I PDZ-binding motif and also the sterile alpha motif. The molecular process for USH1G gene shows how mutations usually cause the (USH1G) in the gene encoding SANS, which is known as a protein that mostly relates to the USH1C protein, harmonin. Moreover, another human gene is CD79A Gene (Protein Coding). It involves the Surface Ig non-covalently, which usually associates with two primary proteins that are; Ig-alpha and Ig-beta, which are imperative for expression and the functionality of the B-cell antigen receptor. In this particular gene, it usually encodes the Ig-alpha protein of the B-cell antigen component. It is a fact that spliced transcript variants encoding varied isoforms. In terms of the molecular process, in general perspective, genes make proteins through the process of transcription and translation. The B lymphocyte antigen receptor in this gene is a multimeric complex that involves the antigen-specific component, surface immunoglobulin (Ig). One of the molecular function of this gene includes transmembrane signalling receptor activity and also the activity of protein homodimerization.

Answer 3

3(a) one of the benefits is that It is used in the treating of patients with the issue of beta-thalassemia, which is today known as a blood disorder mostly aims in reducing the production of haemoglobin, which happens to carry oxygen in the human body. Moreover, the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing is beneficial as a scientific revolution. It helps in editing living human cells. The process involves inserting the cells modified using CRISPR into individuals who have aggressive lung cancer so that to ascertain if the method was safe to use on human beings. Another merit is that Crispr systems are usually effective, fast, east, and one of the cheapest approach which medical scientists apply to manipulate the code of life in human to modify target genes.

3(b) one negative outcome is that there is an issue of additional mutation, and the second negative outcome involves the procedure directly involved in embryos, which is limited in identifying the desired allele.

3(c) The following CRISPR recommendation tends to facilitate as they involve improved safety, the significance of harm to be averted, thirdly is the impact on succeeding generations, and lastly, recommended to analyze the social consequences.

3(d) I believe that it should be used as it has the benefit of replacing defective genes hence assist in the fight against cancer. I would approve this method as it aims to improve the ability to detect the off-target event.

Answer to Assignment 2 problem 2

It is essential to note that the DNA rearrangement tends to shuffle genes at a random aspect, which forms new combinations with varied gene segments.  However, it is vital to understand that the B-cells are known as the factory for antibody production, which produces many types of antibodies. More importantly,  the B-cells tend to identify any antigens through BCR, which includes including bond immunoglobulin or CD19, CD81. In the aspects that a typical B-cells usually respond against a  specific antigen, which entails the maturation of B- cells in the germinal centres. In light of  B-cells differentiate,  somatic rearrangement tends to happen by breaking the DNA into varied segments. Then the segments have to randomly combine as it involves the Non- Homologous End Joining (NHEJ)system. It is usually located in  DNA randomly back together. But in the case that the segments tend to combine with other segments will get lost. Besides, after the transition of RNA, random RNA usually splicing has to happen when it creates either more diversity amongst antibodies and how so numerous types of antibodies can be created. The main difference is that the  B-cells have two light chain genes compared to one heavy chain gene; the heavy chain gene has more V and J gene segments as well as an additional D gene segment. Additionally, selection and the insertions during recrimination and the process of somatic mutation as RNA splice variants, it can account for more different seven Ab diversity. In this aspect, the primary rationale hence that is why there is a significant antibody diversity in a person with only 22,000 different protein-coding genes.