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A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF AID DELIVERY AND LOCALIZATION AGENDA IN THE

CONTEXT OF SOMALIA.

Submitted by: Ridwan Abdi

Supervisor: Samuel Kale Ewusi Ph.D., Director UPEACE Africa Regional Programme

A proposal submitted for the requirement of the Doctoral Program in Peace, Governance, and Development, University for Peace, Africa Regional Program.

July 2020

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0  Introduction

The study sets out to examine challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia as the main topic under discussion, the introductory chapter of the study lays out the background and conceptual issues. It introduces the core objectives, significance, delimitations, theoretical and conceptual framework as well as the scope and limitations. 

1.1General Background to the Study

A critical analysis of challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the Republic of Somalia as the main subject under study. Localization means making something to be available locally or even making restrictions of something to a particular place. While aid is the assistance given by an interested party that can be NGOs, government, well-wishers, and other interested bodies to someone in need of help. Therefore, Somalia is seriously in need of localization aid to strengthen government deliveries and accountability. Somalia has experienced war since 1991 in the Barre government. Somalia Armed Forces had started engaging different groups of rebels that included the Somalia Salvation Democratic Front from the northeast, Somalia National Movement and the United Somali Congress from the South that led to overthrowing of Barres government. In 2010, November a new government was brought into the office which emerged to bring reliable changes within 50-first days in office. On August 6, 2011, Al-Shabaab had withdrawn from most areas within Mogadishu. There was an existing rift or crack between the rebel groups like Al-Shabaab leadership by 2011.

This conflict is mostly as a result of negative ethnicity, fighting over land and natural resources, political strife, and civil strife (Jason, 2012). Forced displacement in Somalia has been of conflict over minerals, land, and other natural resources, negative ethnicity, and political strife. The effects of forced displacement on Somalia have been profound. Some of the effects of forced displacement include loss of life, injuries, loss of livelihoods, separation of families, sexual gender-based violence, emotional trauma, enslavement by Alshabaab, forced conscription by rebel groups, and torture (Atim, 2013).

Somalia following endless conflicts has been facing a severe humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters and political instability that the country has been facing for a long time now (Weldemichael,2019). Due to endless conflict, large scale displacement has been experienced in both south-central Somalia and North as well with middle and lower Shabelle region intensifying warring armed groups. Between November to December 2017, more than 200 families fled their rural homes situated South of Balcad district (Middle Shabelle region) after the Somalia government had suspected that the areas were being used by the terror groups.

Challenges and opportunities for aid delivery and localization agenda is mainly affected by peace in Somalia. The main reason being that there are no way actors of aid programs and organizations responsible for promoting aid delivery and localization agenda can be comfortable working under hostile environments. The role of peace and security in the development of a nation cannot be overstated. In the case of Somalia how secure the country is, has a direct impact on key factors such as economic growth, tourism, and foreign investment. It also ensures that the Government can fulfill its mandate of providing security for its citizens and securing its borders; that is state security Slaughter, A. M. (2005). Expanding the traditional notion of „state security‟ to include „human security‟ means that considerations must be made to place the individual rather than the state at the center of security concerns. Here, socioeconomic factors such as access to social services, justice, and poverty are taken into consideration.

According to Brinkerhoff, (2008), the state is seen as a very weak partner or totally a non-existing partner when it comes to responding to issues that need immediate response. Studies have shown that little has been done by the Somalia government in re-establishing its capacity in handling emergency issues specifically when it comes to service delivery on post-conflict environments. It is without a doubt that the problem Somalia is facing is far from over due to facts that other researchers have tabled those in fragile states it becomes very difficult in controlling capacity development (Brinkerhoff, 2008). This is used in referring to the Somalia Republic for lack of acting capacity in handling supportive relationships by organizing itself in achieving policy coherence (Pavignani and Colombo, 2001).

This includes designing conflict prevention mechanisms and putting in place early warning systems to be able to avert and respond to conflicts before it develops into a destructive one. Localization plays a significant role in conflict mitigation and response, but one that is never appreciated or even materialized Kaplan, H. S. (2013). Delivering basic services like aids from local actors is difficult due to conflict in the presence of constant conflict in Somalia has become a nightmare to date. The basic services required by the Somali citizens include health, security, education, and justice as the main contributors to the fragility of a concerned government. According to Brinkerhoff, (2008), the state is seen as a very weak partner or totally a non-existing partner when it comes to responding to issues that need an immediate response. Studies have shown that little has been done by the Somalia government in re-establishing its capacity in handling emergency issues specifically when it comes to service delivery on post-conflict environments.

Therefore when it comes to localization agenda concerning OECD, (2020), for over decades donors have shown consistency when it comes to bypassing country systems then the donor’s effort or aid is undermined. The main importance of disbursing aid via country systems entails managing developmental resources through building capacity and again through the creation of sustainable programs for developmental agendas (Tavakoli and Smith, 2013). The main challenge has been delayed project aids because of inflated transaction costs  (Alexander, 2007; Eurodad, 2007; Manning, 2004; Roodman, 2006; World Bank, 2007). Between 2004 and 2008, the total fragmentation of aid was experienced in 80 different countries which brought an upsurge of non-significant corporations. This is one of the main reasons why the researcher got interested in analyzing on challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

According to DFID, 2017, improving aid delivery through localization in Somalia requires challenges like conflict solved for a durable solution even between local and international actors. Wars and conflicts have existed since the creation of mankind. Conflicts have passed varying stages which influenced the perception and techniques of its resolution. Somalia is characterized as a failed state with protracted conflict (Ramsbotham & Woodhouse, 2011). The nature of conflicts in Somalia are summarized in two categories beginning with that which started during the pre-colonial era, a time when there was no systematic governance, the nomad era and on the other hand the other stage started right after a post-colonial period when European colonial powers established formal governance systems leading to rivalries among tribes. Somalia as a country marred by protracted conflicts, its resolution requires a careful study and an intensive analysis of the mode of localization of resources and aids (Makhubela, 2016).

Challenges and opportunities for aid delivery and localization agenda are mainly affected by peace in Somalia. Even though the state has tried in peacebuilding agenda, the economic situation of a country changes now and then and the Countries GDP was estimated to be USD$6.2Million for the financial year 2016 with nominal growth of close to 6.2%. Even though the largest group of Somalia citizens approximately 60% of them live within the rural areas. Approximately a number of close to two-third of the total population is unemployed. This explains in detail the reason why the researcher is interested in filling this gap in addressing the challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the Republic of Somalia.

Somalia following endless conflicts has been facing a severe humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters and political instability that the country has been facing for a long time now Weldemicha el, at. (2019).Due to endless conflict, large scale displacement has been experienced in both south-central Somalia and North as well with middle and lower Shabelle region intensifying warring armed groups. Between November to December 2017, more than 200 families fled their rural homes situated South of Balcad district (Middle Shabelle region) after the Somalia government had suspected that the areas were being used by the terror groups. This is one of the main reasons why the researcher got interested in analyzing on challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia.

1.3.1 Research Questions

1. What are the challenges and opportunities for aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia?
2. What is the role of the international community to basic service delivery in the localization agenda in the context of Somalia?
3. To what extent can we develop stronger partnerships between local and international actors through capacity building and improved accountability systems in the context of Somalia?

1.4. General Objective

The main objective is to examine challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia

1.4.1 Specific Objectives

1. To examine challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia
2. To establish the role and support of the international community to basis service delivery in localization agenda in the context of Somalia
3. To develop stronger partnerships between local and international actors through capacity building and improved accountability systems in the context of Somalia.

1.5. Geographical scope

The study will focus on examining challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia in the entire Republic of Somalia with Mogadishu being the town for pilot study due to its dense population.

1.6. Conceptual and Practical Contexts of the Study

The study will look in to the theories related to examining challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in Somalia. As well as the role of international donors and non-state service providers for aid agenda in Somalia.

1.6.1. Conceptual Scope

An analysis of challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in Somalia.

1.6.2. Time Scope

This study will have been conducted between July 2020 and December 2020

1.7. Significance of the Study

Significance of the study is the importance of the study and the use of the findings by the researcher (Mugenda, 2003).The significance of the study sets out to bring out the degree of the problem and also highlights the benefits of the research and findings. The findings of the study will provide research based information to the government, and the international donors who support Somalia and non-state service providers about the impacts of fragile context on service delivery in Somalia. The findings may then be used to improve the basic service provision in Somalia in one way or another. The findings of the study will provide up to date information to the future researchers and academicians about challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in Somalia.

1.8. Justification of the Study

There is huge knowledge gap as far as the challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in Somalia is concerned. What are the challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia? What is the role of international community to basic service delivery in localization agenda in the context of Somalia? And to what extent can we develop stronger partnerships between local and international actors through capacity building and improved accountability systems in the context of Somalia?

1.9 Delimitation of the Study

Delimitation refers to the self-imposed limitations of a study (Mugenda, 2003). The study will be delimited to Somalia Republic alone without mixing with any other neighbouring country on this specific research work.

1.9.1 Limitation of the Study

Limitations are defined as the shortcomings, conditions or influences that the researcher cannot control but have restrictions on the study (Mugenda, 2003). There will be a number of limitations experienced in the cause of this study.

1. This may include the fact that some of the chosen respondents are not willing to respond to the questionnaire and interview for security reasons. The researcher will also assure the respondents of confidentiality and ensure that their information including names, photos and sensitive information is not used without their consent and that the data to be collected will not be used for any other purpose other than academic discourse.
2. Some of the staff interviewed may not be willing to divulge some information during the interview due to ethical reasons. All government staff will be assured of confidentiality that their names will not be cited without their consent and information given used against them.

1.10 Assumptions of the Study

Assumptions are the basic expectations that a researcher will have when embarking on a research (Kumar, 2011). The researcher embarked on this study with a number of assumptions. These include the fact that the respondents will be willing to respond to the questionnaire and the interview.

1.11 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework is the basis of the theories that are examined in the study (Nachmias, 1996). The theoretical framework introduces theories that further explain the concept of challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in Somalia. In this section, the theory of focus is; Kunz’s Kinetic Theory

Kunz’s Kinetic Theory: Explains into details the strength and weaknesses of Kunz’s theory including the assumption that the state very weak partner or totally a non-existing partner when it comes to responding to issues that needs immediate response in terms of aids to its citizens. The situations in the country of asylum are constantly changing especially when there is an influx of displaced persons. As such, policies on work, employment, registration and legality often presents hurdles that displaced persons often grapple with thus impacting their economic and personal security. For example, Greece was always known as a haven for displaced persons fleeing from Kurdistan, Turkey and African countries. However, with the influx of displaced persons from Syria, the Greece authorities started to put restrictions on the displaced persons and this affected their ability to work and legalize their stay in Greece. This is further compounded by the attitudes of Greek citizens to the displaced persons (Gkionakis, 2016).

This theory links to the study topic because studies have shown that little has been done by the Somalia government in re-establishing its capacity in handling emergency issues specifically when it comes to service delivery on post-conflict environments toward human aids. It is without doubt that the problem Somalia is facing is far from over due to facts that other researchers have tabled those in local and international actors in localization agenda towards controlling capacity development (Brinkerhoff, 2008).This is used in referring to Somalia Republic for lack of acting capacity in handling supportive relationship by organizing itself in achieving policy coherence (Pavignani and Colombo, 2001).

1.12 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework is a structure that connects the dependent and independent variables by bringing out how they are connected (Bryman, 2012). The study sets out to challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in Somalia.

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Intervening variable

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

CHAPTER TWO

                                                LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter reviews information from other researchers who have undertaken studies in this field. The literature review analysed the challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in Somalia. The review also incorporated findings from other researchers as well as theories on forced displacement and human security. This chapter also included a summary of the literature review as well as the research gap.

2.1 Theoretical Review

2.1.1 Challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia

Challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda is mainly affected by peace in Somalia. The main reason being that there is no way actors of aid programs and organizations responsible for promoting aid delivery and localization agenda can be comfortable in working under hostile environments. The role of peace and security in the development of a nation cannot be overstated. In the case of Somalia how secure the country is, has a direct impact on key factors such as economic growth, tourism and foreign investment. It also ensures that the Government can fulfil its mandate of providing security for its citizens and securing its borders; that is state security Slaughter, A. M. (2005). Expanding the traditional notion of „state security‟ to include „human security‟ means that considerations must be made to place the individual rather than the state at the centre of security concerns. Here, socio- economic factors such as access to social services, justice and poverty are taken into consideration.

According to Brinkerhoff, (2008), the state is seen as a very weak partner or totally a non-existing partner when it comes to responding to issues that needs immediate response. Studies have shown that little has been done by the Somalia government in re-establishing its capacity in handling emergency issues specifically when it comes to service delivery on post-conflict environments. It is without doubt that the problem Somalia is facing is far from over due to facts that other researchers have tabled those in fragile states it becomes very difficult in controlling capacity development (Brinkerhoff, 2008).This is used in referring to Somalia Republic for lack of lack of acting capacity in handling supportive relationship by organizing itself in achieving policy coherence (Pavignani and Colombo, 2001).

2.1.2 Establishing the role and support of international community to basic service delivery.

Somalia is nation, located in the Horn of Africa, which has undergone prolonged periods of conflict since the fall of Said Barre in 2009 to 2012 when the first transitional government will form (Qayad, 2007). The 21 years of civil conflict destroyed the country’s healthcare system through the loss of human resources and demolishment of the physical infrastructure. Although Somalia has undergone a semblance of relative peace, it continues to face significant security challenges from Al Shabbab militia, a group associated with Al Qaeda. The radical militia group holds control over the rural areas, but it is expected that continuous support from its neighbours will help Somalia end the activities of the radical group.

          The basic services required by the Somali citizens include, health, security, education and justice as the main contributors to fragility of a concerned government. These services are what localization has made available in Somalia with the help of the state. According to Brinkerhoff, (2008), the state is seen as a very weak partner or totally a non-existing partner when it comes to responding to issues that needs immediate response. Studies have shown that little has been done by the Somalia government in re-establishing its capacity in handling emergency issues specifically when it comes to service delivery on post-conflict environments.

According to Brinkerhoff, (2008), the state is seen as a very weak partner or totally a non-existing partner when it comes to responding to issues that needs immediate response on aids. Studies have shown that little has been done by the Somalia government in re-establishing its capacity in handling emergency issues specifically when it comes to service delivery on post-conflict environments. It is without doubt that the problem Somalia is facing is far from over due to facts that other researchers have tabled those in fragile states it becomes very difficult in controlling capacity development (Brinkerhoff, 2008).This is used in referring to Somalia Republic for lack of lack of acting capacity in handling supportive relationship by organizing itself in achieving policy coherence (Pavignani and Colombo, 2001).

2.1.3 Develop stronger partnerships between local and international actors through capacity building and improved accountability

The international societies like the IGAD and the AU are in the fore front in making Somalia a better place again. In 1986 IGAD was established in coordinating war in regard to a famine outbreak and to date in 2009 they have also been of help in post war political construction thus according to (Healy, 2009).The IGAD states have done their best in negotiating peace talks in Somalia. According to DFID, 2017, improving aid delivery through localization in Somalia requires challenges like conflict solved for a durable solution even between local and international actors. Wars and conflicts have existed since the creation of mankind. Conflicts have passed varying stages which influenced the perception and techniques of its resolution. Somalia is characterized as a failed state with protracted conflict (Ramsbotham & Woodhouse, 2011). The nature of conflicts in Somalia are summarized in two categories beginning with that which started during the pre-colonial era, a time when there was no systematic governance, the nomad era and on the other hand the other stage started right after post-colonial period when European colonial powers established formal governance systems leading to rivalries among tribes. Somalia as a country marred by protracted conflicts, its resolution requires a careful study and an intensive analysis on the mode of localisation of resources and aids (Makhubela, 2016).

Somalia following endless conflicts has been facing a severe humanitarian crisis due to natural disasters and political instability that the country has been facing for a long time now Weldemicha el, at. (2019).Due to endless conflict large scale displacement has been experienced in both south central Somalia and North as well with middle and lower Shabele region intensifying warring armed groups. Between November to December 2017,more than 200 families fled their rural homes situated South of Balcad district (Middle Shabele region) after the Somalia government had suspected that the areas were being used by the terror groups. There is therefore a literature gap as far as the impacts of state fragility on service delivery in Somalia is concerned hence the need for this particular study.

Political security includes freedom of speech, conscience, and assembly. It also means freedom from government suppression, regular human rights violation and militarization (UNDP, 1994). Community security includes the right to freedom of identity (of race, language, caste, class, ethnicity, gender, generation, religion and nationality. Personal security means protecting people from physical violence, whether from state, from external states, from violent individuals and sub-state actors, from domestic abuse, or even from the individual himself (protection from suicide) (UNDP, 1994).

2.4 Research Gap

Challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda is mainly affected by peace in Somalia. Despite the fact that the state has tried in peace building agenda, the economic situation of a country changes every now and then and the Countries GDP was estimated to be USD$6.2Million for the financial year 2016 with a nominal growth of close to 6.2%.Even though the largest group of Somalia citizens approximately 60% of them live within the rural areas.Approxiamately a number close to two third of the total population is unemployed .This explains into details the reason as to why the researcher is interested in filling this gap on addressing the challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the Republic of Somalia.

Therefore when it comes to localization agenda with reference to OECD, (2020), for over decades donors have shown consistency when it comes to bypassing country systems then the donors effort or aid is undermined. The main importance of disbursing aid via country systems entails managing developmental resources through building capacity and again through creation of sustainable programmes for developmental agendas (Tavakoli and Smith, 2013).The main challenge have been delayed project aids because of inflated transaction costs  (Alexander, 2007; Eurodad, 2007; Manning, 2004; Roodman, 2006; World Bank, 2007). Between 2004 and 2008, the total fragmentation of aid was experienced in 80 different countries which brought upsurge of non-significant corporations. This is one of the main reasons why the researcher got interested in analysing on challenges and opportunities of aid delivery and localization agenda in the context of Somalia.

                                                      CHAPTER THREE

                           RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses the steps that were followed during the research process. This consists of; research design, research site description, target population, determination of the study sample, data collection measures, data processing, analysis and the legal as well as ethical considerations.

3.1 Proposed Research Design

According to Churchill and Iacobucci (2009), research design is the method in which the researcher uses in collecting valid data from the field. Therefore, this research employed descriptive survey research design which allows detailed analysis and interpretation of results (Castillo, 2009). According to Mugenda (2008), a descriptive study depicts on a phenomenon without any bias. This approach enabled this study achieve its objectives. It also allowed the researcher to integrate literature, in-depth interviews and the actual survey as main procedures to gather data. The design also enabled the collection of quantitative data and allows the researcher to identify patterns of association among the variables in order to confirm the overall interpretation of the relationships between the study variables.

3.2 Proposed target Population

Target population is the total number of people expected to participate in the study and their responses are collected and used in analysing the entire study (Bryman, 2012).The study target population will consist of 200 community leaders in Somalia, 10 selected   Humanitarian Organizations and 20 government agents.

Table 1: Target Population Matrix Table

3.3 Sampling Procedure

Sampling is a procedure used to select a representative part from a population of study (Kothari, 2004).The researcher will use simple random sampling in selecting the respondents so as to ensure that every woman in the sampling frame had a chance of being selected.

The researcher will use purposive sampling to select the focus group discussion participants for the study. This is a non-probability type of sampling. The objective of this sampling is to produce a sample that could be presumed to be illustrative of the population. The sampling applies knowledge of the population to select a sample that denotes a cross-section of the population (Kumar, 2011).

A sample is a portion of the population that is selected to be a representation of the whole population (Bryman, 2012). The sample size must be reliable and appropriate for the research study. The study consisted of 200 community leaders in Somalia, 10 humanitarian organization officials and 20 Somalia government agents with at the time of the interview. The researcher will consider that 30% of the sample is considered accurate for the sample (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003). This gave a sample size of 60.

Table 2: Sample Size Distribution

Source: Researcher (2020)

3.4 Data Collection Instruments

The researcher will use the following research instruments in collecting the necessary information. These included questionnaire and interview schedules.

3.4.1 Proposed Questionnaires

The study will use questionnaire to collect data from the women group. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) points out that, questionnaires are appropriate for the study since they collect information that is not directly observable as they inquire about feelings, motivations, attitudes, accomplishments as well as experiences of individuals. The questionnaires have the added advantage of being less costly and using less time as instruments of data collection (Castillo, 2009). The questionnaire will be semi-structured (have both open and close-ended questions). While the close-ended questions guided the respondents‟ answers within the choices given, the open-ended ones were useful in obtaining a more detailed response essentially in cases where the researcher has no pre-determined options. It will be modelled on the objectives of the study and included section on the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.

3.4.2 Interview Schedule

Interview schedule will be used in the study to collect data from key informants of Somalia government agents on service delivery. The administering of interview schedules will be done using semi- structured interview guides. This involved the use of some structured questions combined with some open-ended questions. The interviewers asked the questions during interviews. This made it possible for the researcher to obtain data required to meet the specific objectives of the study. The Interview schedules were standardized so that interviewers could ask the same questions in the same manner.

3.5 Pilot Testing of Research Instruments

Cooper and Schindler (2003) indicate that a pilot test is conducted to detect weaknesses in design and instrumentation and to provide proxy data for selection of a probability sample. The pilot testing wills be conducted using the questionnaire on 10 staff in the same institution. The rule of thumb is that 10% of the sample should constitute the pilot test (Cooper & Schilder, 2003). The proposed pilot test is within the recommendation. The pilot testing group will be selected through random sampling. The purpose of the pilot testing will be to establish the validity and reliability of the research instruments and hence enhances face validity (Joppe, 2000).

3.6 Validity of the Research Instruments

Instrument validity refers to accuracy meaningfulness and technical soundness of the research instrument (Kothari, 2004). It is the degree to which a test measures what it intends to measure. To this effect questionnaire or interview guide are said to be valid when they actually measure the intended parameters (Borg & Gall 1989). To enhance the instrument validity, the research instruments were appraised by the supervisor to evaluate the applicability and appropriateness of the content, clarity and adequacy of the construction of the instruments from a research perspective. Content validity index will also be used to measure the validity of instrument in the study. This includes subjecting one instrument to a content validity index (total number of valid items/total number of items. The instrument that gave a score of above 0.7 will be deemed valid for the study.

3.7 Reliability of the research instrument

Reliability refers to extent to which instruments yield measurements that are consistent each time if it is administered to same people (Amin, 2005). For the purpose of determining the reliability of the questionnaire, a pre-test will be carried. Reliability analyses will used to assess internal consistency among the variables of study. The reliability of the study measures will be assessed by computing Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for all items in the questionnaire and the overall assessment will be given (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010).

A construct composite reliability co-efficient (Cronbach alpha) of 0.7 or above, for all the constructs, is considered to be adequate. A questionnaire with a good internal consistency should have high alpha coefficients; all items that return a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.7 or more are considered reliable. Individual items in an instrument measuring a single construct should give highly correlated results which would reflect the homogeneity of the items. This can be tested using the Chronbach’s alpha, which tests all possible split halves. A correlation coefficient greater or equal to 0.7 wills be accepted.

3.8 Proposed Reliability Results

In this study the reliability of the instruments will be tested using cronbach alpha. Crobanch alpha value is will use in the research to verify the reliability of the construct. The pilot study involved the sample respondents. Reliability analysis will be subsequently done using Cronbach’s Alpha which measured the internal consistency by establishing if certain item within a scale measures the same construct. Gliem and Gliem (2003) established the Alpha value threshold at 0.7, thus forming the study’s benchmark. Cronbach alpha will be established for every objective which formed a scale.

3.9 Proposed Data Collection Procedure

The Researcher will use self-administered method to collect information from respondents. This reduced the cost of data collection and increased the collection rate of properly filled questionnaire. To get a favourable response rate, the respondents were given two weeks to fill-in the questionnaires owing to their busy work schedule and the need to obtain objective and unhurried response. In addition, the researcher made phone calls and personal visits where possible to remind the respondents to fill-in and return the questionnaires; the respondents were promised a copy of the findings. Data collection ethics will be ensured during gathering of data in interviews which included informed consent and not harming the interviewer.

3.10 Data Analysis Technique

The analysis will involve the use of qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. The data generated from structured questions were coded, numbered and classified under different variables for easy identification and then summarized in answer summary sheet. Entries were made into Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 25). Similarly, responses from unstructured questions on opinion testing will be written in a separate sheet and organized in themes. Quantitative data will be analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis through SPSS. Descriptive statistics such as means, standard deviation, frequency distribution, percentages and cross-tabulation will be used to present the data results. Content analysis will be used to analyse the data from the key informants with data presented through themes and categories.

To test the relationship between dependent variables and women involvement in peace building, inferential statistics through Chi-square test will be used. Chi-square tests whether there is an association between the rows and columns in a contingency Table; independent and dependent variables. The chi-square test will be conducted at 95% confidence level. The results of the analysis will be organized, summarized and presented using simple APA Tables.

3.11 Ethical Considerations

Permission to undertake this research will be obtained from Peace University in achieving high ethical standards, a high level of integrity will be observed and the research will be done for personal gain but for academic purposes. Any information or data obtained from the respondents and the informants remained anonymous and their identity will not be disclosed to a third party. Before obtaining information, consent will be obtained from the respondents and they will be made aware of purpose of the study and any possible dangers, if any, that may arise in the process of the study for them to take precautionary measures.

The researcher will also observe cultural norms and other regulations which govern any group in the society where the information will be sourced. The study will also avoid engaging in plagiarism or misusing of privileges and opportunities accorded during the study time. In general, a social science ethical standard will be observed to ensure that the study does not raise unethical issues.

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