Anatomy and Physiology
Part 1.
- C Fainting
- B All choices are potential causes
- D Mitochondria will increase cellular respiration to compensate for the lack of ATP
- A Quicker or more often
- B Sodium (Na)
Part 2.
Alcohol intoxication refers to a severe condition that results from excessive drinking of alcohol in a short period of time. Fainting results from reduced flow of blood into the brain of an individual. Alcohol causes vasodilation implying that the will be dilation of the blood vessels on the skin’s surface thus increasing the blood volume circulating in the skin (Jung & Namkoong, 2014). Vasodilation refers to the process which produces a blushed appearance to the skin when one consumes alcohol. It may also result in reduced blood pressure, which in turn will result in reduced blood flow to the brain thus causing fainting.
In osteoporosis, the total rate of bone resorption is greater than that of bone formation leading to a reduced bone mass without a malfunction in mineralization of bones. Considering the age of the Asian female, her bone formation has decreased due to reduced osteoblast number, life span, and activity and in contrast, there is an increase in bone resorption due to deprived sex hormone (Akkawi & Zmerly, 2018). These two aspects attribute to reduced bone mass and high risk of fractures observed in the aging population. Eventually, the available amount of bones for mechanical support reduces and an individual may experience a fracture with little or no trauma.
Considering the marathon activity the woman was involved in, ATP becomes very crucial for muscle contraction due to the breaking of the myosin-actin cross-bridge, releasing the myosin for the next contraction. ATP makes myosin ready to bind with actin by shifting into a state of high energy and a “cocked” position (Squire, 2016). Once the cross-bridge is formed, there is a disassociation of Pi, and the myosin undergoes a powers stroke, getting to a level of low energy due to the shortening of the sarcomere. I believe these episodes resulted in difficulty in locomotion and collapsing.
I believe multiple sclerosis will result in a quicker speed of depolarization because resulting from the disease, the myelin is eradicated destructively from around the axon thus slowing down the nerve impulses. The gradual demyelination of axons leads to inflammatory patches referred to as lesions, ultimately the axons get totally destroyed (Loma & Heyman, 2011). During the relapse, the patient may partially or totally loose some of the physiological functions including; decrease in conduction speed, headaches, and loss of vision. Besides relapse, a patient may also experience worse transients of normal clinical signs and symptoms, which affects their day to day activities. Mildly disabled patients might present temporary challenges in normal motor activities like housekeeping and they may also fail to clearly explain the duration of those occurrences.
The constant elevated level of high blood pressure I purport results from the failure of the kidney to offer a hormonal mechanism for blood pressure regulation which is responsible for blood volume management. Sodium ions are responsible for regulating blood volume through the secretion of aldosterone hormone. Too much sodium consumption makes the body retain a lot of fluid which results in increased blood pressure (Wu et al., 2015). Due to failure to lifestyle changes including observing a healthy diet and physical activities, elevated blood pressure eventually resulted in hypertension. Hypertension increases the patients’ risk of cardiovascular failure and stroke. The constant use of over-the-counter painkillers for headaches also serves as a factor in the resulted hypertension. Other risk factors of the patient include the use of NSAIDs.
Part 3.
On the arrival of the patient to the hospital, I would assess the Blood Alcohol Count (BAC) level, and depending on the severity of the signs and symptoms, I would monitor the patient until the level drops gradually (Jung & Namkoong, 2014). In case the symptoms are so severe other interventions may be introduced. They include; insertion of a tube into the windpipe to aid breathing, in case of incontinence insert a urinary catheter, induce an intravenous drip to manage vitamin, hydration, and blood sugar levels. Also, the patient can be inserted a tube through their mouth to the stomach to flush out fluids.
In the management of osteoporosis, I would advise the patient to observe a diet that is rich in calcium and vitamin D to enhance strong bones. The patient should also be often physically active to assist improve the health of the bones (Kling et al., 2014). These activities include; low-impact aerobics, jogging, walking, and climbing stairs. I would also recommend medication to help reduce bone loss and the danger of fractures. Bisphosphonates are medicines that strengthen bones and prevent the natural process throw which the body breaks down bones, examples include; risedronate, alendronate, and etidronate. Raloxifene will be the most effective for the patient in the discussion because it is meant to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women by increasing bone density.
I would expect to ensure the patient is hydrated by giving her a lot of fluids and also a diet rich in calcium and fiber will improve the recovery time. I believe the recommendation of hot and cold therapy and antidepressant medications will also reduce discomfort and inflammation (Squire, 2016). Consumption of energy giving food will also enhance the storage of more ATP in the form of glucose in the body.
Being well aware that multiple sclerosis has no cure I would recommend drugs and changes in lifestyle for the patient to help manage the disease. A healthy diet and constant physical activities such enhance fighting MS since it helps in improving; mood, muscle strength, cardiovascular health, and cognitive function (Loma & Heyman, 2011). Considering the fatigue experience of the patient I believe that physical therapy would be effective. In the treatment of pain and relapses, I would recommend corticosteroids which are effective in easing inflammation and reducing MS attacks.
Considering the impact of excessive consumption on hypertension I would recommend a restriction of salt consumption to control the flow of blood volume. The patient should also embrace a healthy diet by avoiding sugary, cholesterol, and fatty meals. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan will be most effective in reducing BP (Wu et al., 2015). The DASH diet plan is more of vegetables, fruits, nuts, whole grains, lean proteins, and legumes. Both the DASH diet and reduced sodium intake will result in a substantial reduction in BP. I would also instruct him to observe physical activity specifically aerobic activities since it results in reduced cardiac output, increased endothelial function, and diminution of the activities of the renin-angiotensin system. I would offer him diuretics medications which will aid in eradicating excess sodium and water from the kidney. Avoiding over the counter painkillers will also serve a good remedy.
References.
Akkawi, I., & Zmerly, H. (2018). Osteoporosis: Current Concepts. Joints, 06(02), 122-127. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660790
Jung, Y., & Namkoong, K. (2014). Alcohol. Handbook Of Clinical Neurology, 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-62619-6.00007-0
Kling, J., Clarke, B., & Sandhu, N. (2014). Osteoporosis Prevention, Screening, and Treatment: A Review. Journal Of Women’s Health, 23(7), 563-572. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4611
Loma, I., & Heyman, R. (2011). Multiple Sclerosis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. Current Neuropharmacology, 9(3), 409-416. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015911796557911
Squire, J. (2016). Muscle contraction: Sliding filament history, sarcomere dynamics, and the two Huxleys. Global Cardiology Science And Practice, 2016(2). https://doi.org/10.21542/gcsp.2016.11
Wu, C., Hu, H., Chou, Y., Huang, N., Chou, Y., & Li, C. (2015). High Blood Pressure and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortalities in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Medicine, 94(47), e2160. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000002160