Explain how the bottom-up design approach differs from the top-down design approach—database development using the bottom-up approach or the top-down bottom according to its complexity. The bottom-up approach begins with essential attributes towards the relationships of those attributes. In contrast, the top-down approach starts with developing models that contain a higher level of entities and relationships towards the lower ones. The bottom-up approach is when transferring a database from one physical database to another. Simultaneously, the other is used when developing a new database at a logical level and later applying the objects to physical database design. For instance, using the bottom-up approach to migrate the Oracle database, which falls under the relational database management systems to IBM DB2, which needs changes in the data types. The bottom-up approach modules require interaction between the fundamental attributes for combination purposes while the top-down approach does not require communication. Besides, the bottom-up approach uses the concept of abstraction, which involves hiding the implementation details while sub-models are separately processed. Another key difference is that developers and database administrators utilize bottom-up in testing.…

    Students Name Professors Name Course Date Based on the surgeon’s life   The chapter “A Surgeons Life” from the book; An Anthropologist on Mars by Oliver Sacks depicts a story of a surgeon by the name Bennett. Despite Bennett having the Tourette disease, he still followed his career to become a surgeon. The condition can be described as one that makes a person do things involuntarily, for example, cursing, barking, twitching, and other things. Given that, it would make it almost impossible for a person with the disease to be employed, let alone be a surgeon. Oliver Sacks is amazed by the fact that despite Bennett having full-blown Tourette syndrome, he was still an amazing surgeon (Sacks 79). Sacks show that as Benett assumes the role of a surgeon, the manifestation of the disease vanishes. Through that, he tries to show the readers that what one feeds the mind is very important as it has an impact on one’s decisions in life. The paper explains the quality of sacks as a person who can penetrate the mind of…

                A Frontier Company   Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Professor’s Name Date A Frontier Company One of the things that surprised me in chapters four and five is the leaders’ challenges when developing the states. As outlined in the chapters for the transportation systems to be well developed, there had to be several things that needed to be done. Also, a lot of resources had to be provided to transport the development of the transportation sector. Some of these challenges include the delayed implementation of orders, which delayed the whole process. For instance, when in 1832, the congress ordered for results to be submitted to the Michigan border, but this was not until two years later.  Also, despite these challenges, transportation in Michigan was still developed, and there were major advancements that were made. Some of the unique challenges that Michigan faced were the war’s presence, which disrupted the activities since they could not get easy access to materials that were required in developing the transportation networks in the area. The dispute…

            Municipal Planner of Matteson   Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Course Professor’s Name Date   Municipal Planner of Matteson Introduction A planner is a person who assists in the making of plans of development and evaluates the ideas. A planner acts as the doorkeeper as he is the one mainly in charge of determining the outcome of the development. Examples of planners include the municipal planners who are in charge of making short and long term goals for the use of land in cities. The village of Matteson is an example of a municipal planner, a development that is located in Illinois. Andre Ashmore was one of the village presidents who served in this position from 2009 to 2017. According to Andre, the role of a planner is critical in every development since he is in charge of crucial duties such as setting goals, tracking expenses, and making sure that the development is within its time frame. For one to become a successful planner, one can undertake courses such as urban planning degree courses and…

        Racial Disparities in Health Status and Access to Healthcare Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Racial Disparities in Health Status and Access to Healthcare The article by Ruqaijah Yearby on structural racism in the United States explains that racism has existed for a long time. As explained, structural racism gives the dominant group advantages as they can access different resources and opportunities as compared to the nondominant group, which is disadvantaged  (Ansell, 2016). Some of the resources and opportunities include employment, healthcare, and wealth (Macedo et al. 2019). The federal government has played a big part in promoting the structural racism as it has failed to impose the civil rights laws, which has, as a result, favored the Caucasians as compared to the African Americans as they can obtain more wealth, healthcare, and income. The article uses quantitative data, for instance, when explaining the networth of different people, which varied mainly because of their race.  The article explains that the net worth of Caucasians has increased by 45500 over a period of 30 years as compared to the…

The IoT devices  The IoT comprises of several billions of devices, connected to communicate over the internet. These enormous application devices put in place at the hospitals, homes and the offices utilizing IoT. The IoT devices have huge and vital applications in our daily activities, which include simplifying our tedious jobs and manual routines. The IoT devices besides, pose a potential security threat to personal data and privacy to persons owning them, leading to stealing of information or illegal encryption of personal data. The named threat is caused by IoT manufacturers who do not place the security of their customers at their core of manufacturing process of the smart-devices. IoT devices need to be secured to ensure the safety of the general public and the consumers smart-devices. The IoT smart devices are having security flaws include but not limited to, the following; smart fingerprint padlock. Security threats associated with this device were enumerated as; the device can be screwed with enough force through its back to unlock it and secondly, the fingerprint padlock can be opened using Bluetooth mac-address. This…

  Tourism The future of the tourism industry is expected to be affected by technological changes, among other factors. Some of the essential changes in technology influencing the tourism sector trend include mobile technology, augmented reality, the internet of things, 5G, blockchain, big data, and virtual assistants. Research has revealed that operators have been pursuing effectiveness and efficiency to improve their earnings in the industry. The dwindling human touch sensation is going to be overturned soon. The tourism sector cannot take breaths in the absence of human touch. It is an essential requirement for the sector. Consequently, the tourism sector is an unstable one, and retaining of persons is a challenge. Disaster tourism, dark tourism, slum tourism, beach tourism, cultural tourism, and adventure tourism are emerging markets in the tourism industry. They provide additional earnings in the sector at the end of the day. Micro-segmentation can be referred to as a technique of coming up with zones in cloud deployments and data centers to allow organizations to segregate assignments from one another and secure them individually. On the other hand,…

Leadership Development Approaches Among the various leadership development approaches, 360-degree feedback is the best, and many companies globally use it. This training methodology entails a leader receiving input regarding their performance and behavior from multiple sources such as customers, subordinates, peers, executive managers, and self-assessment. Ideally, the reviewers complete an assessment test, which is the primary survey instrument. The feedback is for compiling reports after reviewing the information with the leader’s facilitator, supervisor, and mentor. The third component of the 360-degree feedback approach is to use the information to implement a long-term program to address the weakness identified and advance the strengths (Das & Panda, 2017). This approach is the best because it is affordable and is applicable in any industry. Generally, it is easy to put in place as the facilitator compiles the assessment sheet and delivers it to respondents who reply in their free time. Furthermore, it provides the person with a full perspective of their weaknesses and strengths. A multi-dimensional feedback system ensures the elimination and uncovering of biases and unknown strengths and weaknesses, respectively. It makes…

Psychology among students     Introduction Self-awareness is a concept that plays a fundamental role in defining how individuals react or behave around their external environment. From this ideological perspective, it becomes evident that the understanding of self-concept among students facilitates understanding how they perceive their skills in sports, their appearance, and overall progress in school, among other issues. In consideration of this factor, teachers can utilize different techniques to facilitate positive self-concept among students so that they can perform better in school (Collins, 1984). With this in mind, elementary school teachers handling middle-aged children can utilize the need for the students to meet their own needs and those of the society to facilitate positive self-concept that results in improved academic performance. Middle-aged children tend to be in the Industry vs. inferiority stage of Erikson’s psychological stages. Facilitating positive self-concept as a teacher can facilitate improved learning of fundamental reading and writing skills among middle-aged school children. With this in mind, realizes that a teacher’s role in facilitating positive self-concept among middle-aged students tends to have a significant role in…

Management principles   Question 3 What are the pros and cons of Toyota’s structure? Toyota company is a multinational business structure whose structure (Organizational) is formalized in its rules (explicitly). One of the major pros of the organizational structure in the company is that the structure plays a critical role in allowing greater efficiency when it comes to the management of the company. Indeed, this efficiency is vital in forming a well-established chain of command when making decisions and reducing conflicts and duplication. On the other side, one of Toyota’s organizational structure cons is that it favors effective leaders only without considering the weak leaders when it comes to making poor decisions, thus bringing an overall negative effect to the entire organization. Although the company has been facing a various crisis which has the magnitude of paralyzing productivity when not handled effectively and constructively, the organizational structure is utilizing the crisis as a way of presenting learning opportunities and improvements. Indeed, the company’s corporate culture and the seniority hierarchy are rigid, thus making it to be at the risk of…