COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTISES ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY AMONG JUA KALI HOTEL WORKERS IN JUJA TOWN, JUJA SUB-COUNTY, KIAMBU COUNTY.

   NAMES

1. Mutile Elizabeth Iluvya
2. Karimi Jackline Njovo
3. Wanjiru Matindi
4. Owino Valentine Onyango
5. Ochieng John Thomas

A research proposal submitted in the Department of Environmental Health and Disease Control School of Public Health in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Bachelor of Science in Public Health in Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology.

                         2020

DECLARATION.

This proposal is our original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University

Names                                    Signature

1. Elizabeth Mutile iluvya ………………..
2. Karimi Jackline Njovo ……………….
3. Wanjiru Matindi …………….
4. Owino Valentine Onyango ……………..
5. Ochieng John Thomas ………….

Date ………………………………………..

This proposal has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisor.

Name       Dr Japheth Mativo

Signature………………….                                                                   Date……………………….

DEDICATION.

We dedicate this research proposal to Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, School of Public Health, Department of environmental health and disease control and the people of Juja Town, Juja Sub-County in the county of Kiambu.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

APPENDICES

1.Consent form.

2.Questionnaire.

3.Observational checklist.

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CAP – Chapter

ILO – International Labour Organization

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

WHO – World Health Organization

IREC – Institutional Research and Ethics Committee

SPSS – Statistical Program for Social Scientist

DEFINITION OF TERMS.

Jua Kali worker – an individual who works in the informal sector, supplies services on an irregular or flexible basis, often to meet fluctuating demand for work.

Hazard – is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment or is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone under certain conditions at work.

Ergonomic – and applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely.

ABSTRACT

Topic: Knowledge, attitudes and practices of occupational health hazards and safety among Jua Kali hotel workers in Juja Town, Juja sub-county in Kiambu county.

The health and safety hazards that may affect Jua Kali hotel workers at hotels may include:

Physical hazards – electrical, temperature, pressure, cold and noise.

Biological hazards – pathogens that can cause diseases such as bloodborne pathogens; moulds and fungi.

Ergonomics – include painful and expensive injuries and musculoskeletal disorders and

chemical hazards – comprise detergents and pesticides and fire.

This study will help to identify the health and safety hazards among Jua Kali hotel workers and advise them on how to combat them. The main objective of the study is to establish the Knowledge, practices and attitudes on occupational health and safety among Jua Kali hotel workers in Juja town, Juja sub-county in Kiambu County. The research will adopt a descriptive cross-sectional study design. Multi-stage sampling and simple random sampling techniques will be deployed. Data will be collected using observation checklist and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data analysis will be done using Statistical Program for Social Scientist (SPSS vs 20). Data presentation will be in the form of bar graphs and pie charts.

The independent variables to be examined are years worked, type of hotel and level of education. In contrast, the dependent variables included awareness of staff on Knowledge, attitude and practices as they relate to the areas of occupational health and safety promotion activities. The independent variables to be examined are years worked, type of hotel and level of education. In contrast, the dependent variables included awareness of staff on Knowledge, attitude and practices as they relate to the areas of occupational health and safety promotion activities.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background information.

The total output of the informal sector worldwide was estimated to be $3,000 billion in 1998. The production is highly concentrated (77%) in the high-income countries (Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australia). The high-income countries of Europe alone are responsible for 30% of total world output.

Despite this high world output levels, unemployment is still a crucial problem facing the developing countries in the world. As a result, most people in these nations resort to the informal sector as a means to sustain their survival. The activities in these sector range from hawking, street vending, small scale production of goods and services as well as the full range of small scale hotels. In general, most of the activities in this sector is poorly organized, and the businesses may lack legal permits.

The jua kali industry is the engine of most developments in Kenya. The sector from independence has experienced substantial growth. For example, in the period1998-2008, whereas the Gross Domestic Product grew by 135.1%, the jua kali output grew by 406.1%. The industry has a crucial role to play in the realization of vision 2030.

Direction to Juja from Nairobi:

Head North East on Haile Selassie avenue towards parliament road, at the roundabout, take the second exit and stay on Haile Selassie avenue on to Ring road Ngara. Keep left to stay on Ring road Ngara and merge on to Embu-Nairobi highway / Meru+Nairobi highway/ Thika Road/ A2. Take exit 15 towards Juja.

POPULATION

Juja Sub County has a total population of 156,041 with 77,304 males and 78,728 females.

ETHNICITY

Juja residents come from more than ten ethnic groups.

INFRASTRUCTURE

It is rectangular shaped with marram and black cotton soil. Other infrastructural services include schools, shopping facilities, religious centres, recreational centres, health centres. Water supply is not connected to the property; it can be from boreholes and Rujuwasco. Juja Sub County is characterized by upcoming residential estates, apartments and scattered residence. The area is slowly turning residential due to its proximity to Nairobi and continuous infrastructure development. Sewage in Juja Sub County is treated at Ruiru treatment plant.

HEALTH

The primary health centres are Gachororo health centre and JKUAT Hospital.

MARKET

Juja Sub County has a formal market licensed by Kiambu City council. It specializes in selling fresh food produce and second-hand shoes and clothes. It operates every day with official hours. It is located operates opposite KCB bank.

Jua kali hotels employ casual workers who are engaged in temporary employment to work for a specified period and whose remunerations are calculated and paid daily. However, some have permanent workers who are paid every month where, in most cases, this depends on the level of education and the distance of resident from the workplace.

They provide services on an irregular or flexible basis, often to meet fluctuating demand for labour in these hotels, which impacts positively on the growth of the country’s economy. They also help in attaining socio-economic goals such as shelter development as the workers are provided with employment and hence a source of income.

The nature of work in the Jua kali hotels makes the workers vulnerable to hazards on health and safety perspectives. The dangers that the workers’ encounter are categorized into; physical, chemical, biological, psychological and ergonomic hazards.

There have been cases of accidents, mainly physical hazards such as noise, extreme temperatures, inadequate lighting. Sewer gases and dust also pose a significant danger to the respiratory health of the workers. Psychological hazards such as strain and stress and biological hazards like bacteria, viruses and infectious wastes also affect the workers. Harsh working conditions such as poor ventilation and lack of appropriate protective gear like gas masks endanger the health of workers.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The most significant risks in the Jua Kali hotel sector are work-related accidents and diseases that are very costly and can have many severe direct and indirect effects on the lives of workers and their

families. Nature of the injuries experienced can be classified as Musculoskeletal disorders that include injuries and other incidents such as chemical exposure. Results from the employee survey revealed that the most frequently identified occupational health and safety hazards by Department as perceived by the employees were as follows: working overtime in the Kitchen (97%); extreme temperature in food and beverages service (92%);). The risks that cause most concerns to the respective employees by Department were: fatigue in the Kitchen (38% perceived it as high risk); dizziness in food and beverages service (33% viewed it as low risk).

Employers and workers should be in place. Usually, occupational health is given less attention than safety issues since professional health issues are more challenging to address. When health is resolved, so is safety. Employers often lack the time and resources to understand and follow legislative matters that apply to the sector. Implementation of legislation in this sector seems to be a real problem. The hazards experienced in the workplace are associated with occupational diseases. According to the ILO List of Occupational Diseases Recommendation, 2002(NO.194) the occupational diseases include illnesses caused by chemical agents, physical agents and biological agents; respiratory infections, skin disease, infectious disease, musculoskeletal disorders, mental, behavioural disorders and occupational cancer.

Hazards in the workplace create both human and economic costs.  These accidents, injuries and disorders experienced have the potential to affect the worker’s health and safety. The poor working conditions affect the environment workers live in; hence the workers, their families, other people in the community, and the physical environment around the workplace, can all be at risk from exposure to workplace hazards. The Jua Kali work-related accidents are common and have direct and indirect negative consequences for workers and their families. A single accident or illness can mean an enormous financial loss to both workers and employers.

JUSTIFICATION

Jua Kali hotel workers may encounter various hazards that reduce their output at work. They undertake various activities during their day to day operation, which include cleaning, cooking, disposing of the waste generated, carrying dense woods and serving food. As a result of the activities named above, various accidents, injuries and diseases arise. To achieve excellent performance, the health and safety of the workers should be appropriately maintained.

Work-related accidents and diseases are very costly and can have severe direct and indirect effects on the lives of workers and their families. These workplace hazards create both human and economic costs (International labour organization, 2010). According to an International Labor Organization report, there are both financial and non-economic (social) as well as internal and external costs of occupational accidents. According to this report, a massive share of such expenses is paid by the workers and their families as well as society. External prices, born by workers and community, include: injured workers’ loss wages that are not compensated for, lost household production by the victim and a productive worker is no longer available to society due to premature death. The costs to employers of occupational accidents or illness are also estimated to be enormous. Some of the direct costs are paid for work not performed, medical and compensation payments, possible reduction in the quality of work and adverse effect on morale in other workers. (International Labour Organization, 2016).

The research aims to educate the Jua kali hotel workers on different occupational health hazards and safety, improve working conditions, to join unions to represent their grievances and productivity to the benefit of employees and employers. The research shall also help to lower the work of the clinician in the hospital since a few cases of accidents, and other work-related diseases will be tremendously reduced.

Potential areas of interventions include promoting the use of personal protective equipment, education campaign, developing methods for funding health and safety activities, developing a productive working relationship with local authorities, involving the hotel workers in developing interventions of reducing the production of hazardous substances associated with events in their sector and encouraging the beneficiaries to improve their worksite conditions.

The occurrence of workplace-related accidents, injuries and diseases can thus be reduced significantly if Jua kali worker’s knowledge attitudes and practices are boosted. It is therefore

urgent to assess these to in co-operate ways or measures of preventing diseases, accidents and injuries.

OBJECTIVES

Broad objectives

To determine the Knowledge, practices, and attitudes on occupational health and safety among Jua Kali hotel workers in Juja sub-county.

Specific objectives

1. To determine the practices put in place, that promote occupational health safety in the Jua Kali hotels in Juja Sub County.
2. To determine the Knowledge towards occupational hazards among Jua Kali hotel workers in Juja sub-county.

3To determine the attitude towards occupational health and safety among Jua Kali hotel workers in Juja Sub County.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the practices put in place, that promote occupational health safety in the Jua Kali hotels in Juja Sub County?
2. What is the Knowledge towards occupational hazards among Jua Kali hotel workers in Juja Sub County?
3. What is the attitude towards occupational health and safety among Jua Kali hotel workers in Juja Sub County?

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Occupational health and safety – a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work. It is defined as a source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the workplace environment, or a combination of these.

Various practices that promote occupational health safety in the Jua Kali hotels.

Every employer has a responsibility to ensure the safety, health and welfare of all employees at work working in his/her workplace. The occupational study and Health Act No.15 OF 2017 and revised in 2010, provides for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all persons lawfully present at workplaces. Both the employer and employee have obligations.

As per section 6 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, hotel employers like any other employers have responsibilities. These include:

• Provide and maintain systems of work that are safe and without risks to work.
• Make arrangements for ensuring safety and the absence of risks to health in connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances.
• Provide information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health of at work of every employee.
• Maintain the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and provide and maintain necessary means to access and to egress (outlet) from it that are safe and without risks to health.
• Ensure the participation of every employee in the application and review of safety and health measures.

The Act also outlines the obligations of employees. Responsibilities of employees while at the workplace (section 13) includes to:

• Ensure their safety and health and that of other persons.
• Report to the supervisor any accident or injury that arises in the course of or in connection with his/her work.
• Report to the supervisor any situation which they have reason to believe would present a hazard and which they cannot correct.

Section 101 of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, requires that in workplaces where employees are exposed to wet or dangerous or offensive substances, the employees must provide and maintain clothing and appliances that are adequate, effective and suitably protective.

According to Professor Madi Jaghbir, hazards do occur in hotels, but some measures can be taken to improve safety. Eliminating the danger or avoiding it is the best solution to prevent injuries. Employers must undergo training programs that offer information about identifying and protecting against many of the hazards that cause injuries.

Knowledge towards Occupational health AMONG JuA KALI HOTEL WORKERS.

Workplace hazards for hotel workers include specific as well as general risks. In general, the dangers can be classified into: physical, chemical, biological, accidents, ergonomics and psychological hazards. Physical hazards – including electrical, temperature, pressure, cold and noise, Biological hazards – including different types of pathogens that can cause diseases among workers such as bloodborne pathogens, workers may be exposed to blood and other fluids for example, by helping injured coworkers; moulds and fungi growing in and around the buildings create numerous health problems, ergonomics – include painful and expensive injuries and musculoskeletal disorders and chemical hazards – comprise detergents and pesticides and fire hazards.

According to Professor Madi Jaghbir, hotels workers are exposed to various workplace hazards including Hot stuff – ovens, grills, deep fryers, broilers; Sharp stuff- knives, slicers, grinders, broken glass, tools, Slips and falls; ergonomic hazards – awkward lifting of heavy things, repetitive movement and standing for long periods; chemicals- dishwashing products, cleaning products, and pesticides and robberies and assaults – working alone late at night, handling large amounts of cash.

ATTITUDE TOWARDS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AMONG JUAKALI HOTEL WORKERS.

Microfinance institutions such as the Jua Kali hotel sector should be concerned with the inter-relationship of their workplace safety, their surrounding and human health. Research has shown that the hotel worker’s safety and health are often endangered by poor workplace environmental health and safety standards.

Studies in industrial countries reveal that the causing agent of 90% of workplace accidents is human error, and only 10% of those belong to unsuitable workplace and equipment (3). Human factor includes lack of knowledge, lack of interest, negative attitude, unsafe behaviour and incompetence. Lack of interest is among the most essential elements that fail health promotion plans at the workplace. Planned education is necessary to change the attitude of some workers from risky behaviour to safe behaviour so that they observe safety regulations to develop safe practice (4-8). Essential elements to create safe behaviour are Knowledge and attitude of workers about safety, which allows designing safety plans unique for that environment (9). A study showed that despite a high rate of workers’ Knowledge [78-100%], a few of them [29-31%] used personal protective equipment to prevent occupational hazards (10).

According to ILO, around 160 million people suffer from occupational diseases, and 2 million people die every year as a result of occupational accidents and work-related illnesses. ILO estimated that nearly 5% of world GDP is lost due to occupational diseases and accidents. The annual cost of workplace accidents has been estimated at US$5 billion.

According to Heinrich, an American industry safety pioneer, 95% of workplace accidents are caused by “unsafe acts”. He further emphasized “main- failure” as a cause of accidents and focused on “mechanical and physical hazards” to be controlled by employers. Successful workplace safety should involve workers and their representatives. Workers should be informed and consulted about security and health policy at the workplace. The various occupational health hazards experienced at hotels lead to occupational accidents and diseases.

According to ILO Protocol to the Convention 155(2002), an occupational disease is “any disease contracted as a result of exposure to risk factors arising from work activity”. ILO Convection 121 considers a bug as an occupational disease which arises out of the exposure to some substance or dangerous conditions in process or occupations.

Certain conditions were to be met before the disease could be considered an occupational disease. These are; the existence of a causal relationship between exposure in a specific working environment/activity and illness and presence of disease in a group of people exposed to a substance or dangerous conditions at a higher rate than in normal populations.

Occupational accidents are defined in the protocol as:

1. Accidents, regardless of their cause, sustained during working hours at or near the place work.
2. Accidents continued within reasonable periods before and after working hours in connection with transporting, cleaning, preparing, securing, conserving, storing and packing work tools or clothes.

The ILO has developed a list of occupational diseases under List of Occupational Diseases Recommendation, 2002(NO.194). Occupational diseases that are present in hotel workplace have been classified as diseases caused by chemical agents; physical agents; biological agents; infectious/parasitic diseases; respiratory diseases; skin disease; musculoskeletal disorders; mental and behavioural disorders and occupational cancer.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1Study Site.

The study will be done among Jua Kali hotels, Juja Town, Juja Sub-county in Kiambu County.

3.2 Study Design.

The study design will be a descriptive Cross-sectional study, which is the most appropriate in achieving the stated objectives. The descriptive survey method will be used because it allows the generalization of the results to the population (Mugenda and Mugenda, 1999). The approach will be non-experimental in that it will only deal with the relationship between non-manipulated variables in a natural setting.

3.3 Study variables.

The independent variables to be examined are years worked, type of hotel and level of education. In contrast, the dependent variables included awareness of staff on Knowledge, attitude and practices as they relate to the areas of occupational health and safety promotion activities.

3.4 Study Population.

The subjects of this study will be hotel workers at the various Jua Kali hotels within Juja Town, Juja sub-county, Kiambu County. The hotel workers will include cooks, waiters, dishwashers, cashier and hotel owner. The study population will consist of both males and females who are 18 years and above.

3.41 Inclusion criteria.

The workers must be working in Jua Kali hotels in Juja town, Juja sub-county, Kiambu County.

3.5 Sample Size Determination.

Due to lack of information on the extent of Knowledge, attitude and practices in the hospitality industry within Juja town, a probability of 0.5 will be used to compute the sample size. To get a 95% confidence interval and sampling error of 5%, the sample size will be determined by using the formula below recommended by Fisher et al., 1983.

Fisher’s method

Sample size n, =Z² (Pq )

d²

n=minimal sample size Fisher

z=parameter related to error risk (1.96)

p= estimated prevalence of occupational health hazards occurrence (50%, 0.5)

q=1-p (0.5)

d= absolute precision as a fraction of 100(0.05)

Therefore:

n=1.96*(0.5 *0.5)\0.05*0.05

n=384.16

n=~385

A number of respondents are 385.

Since the target population was less than 10,000, the sample size was calculated using the

Formula:

nf = n/1+n/N

Where:

– nf is the desired sample size when the target population is less than 10,000

– n is the desired sample size when the population is greater than 10,000

– N is the estimate of the population size

Therefore the desired sample was

nf = n/1+n/N

nf = 384/1 + 384/374

= 189.46 ~ 190

3.6 Sampling Techniques.

Multi-stage sampling technique which involves stratifying Juja town into groups, will be used. Jua Kali hotels will be selected using simple random sampling technique, where all hotels in the study area have an equal non zero chance of being selected. Convenience sampling will be employed to choose the hotel workers. Any hotel worker who will consent and will be available during the time of study will be interviewed or issued with a questionnaire.

3.7 Data collection Tools.

The following data collection instruments will be used:

(a) Observation checklist.

(b) Administered questionnaires

3.8 Pretesting of data collection tools

The pretest will be piloted before the actual data collection time. This will be carried out to check the appropriateness of the questionnaire with concerns to duration, language appropriateness, content, validity, and question comprehensibility. This will also test the competence and efficacy of the tools. Alterations will be made after the pretest. It will be carried at Ruiru Town, Ruiru sub-county in Kiambu County.

3.8.1 Validity

Validity will be determined by the comparison of the questionnaire and observation checklist, which will have measures that conform to theoretical expectations of Knowledge, attitude and practices on occupational health and safety. An instrument is said to be valid if it accurately measures the variables being studied (Daly et al, 1997).

3.8.2 Reliability

Reliability will be assessed using the test-retest technique whereby during the pilot study, the same instruments will be administered twice to the same group of subjects with a time-lapse of two weeks between the first and second test. The scores will then be correlated to obtain the coefficient of Reliability. An instrument is said to be reliable if it gets the same responses each time it is administered (Daly et al., 1997). The instruments checked in the pilot study were found to be valid and reliable.

3.9 Data management and analysis.

Data collected will be checked for completeness and data clarification conducted before leaving the area. Both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected during the study and analyzed using Statistical Program for Social Scientist (SPSS) and Ms. Excel. Data will be presented using graphs, charts and frequency tables.

3.10 Ethical Considerations.

Information from each respondent will be kept confidential. The identity of the individual respondent will be anonymous. All participants will be given a chance to choose whether they want to participate in the study or not. Their consent will be received before any information is collected from them. They will be informed that they have the right to withdraw from the study at any point without being victimized. They will be informed about the relevance of the research before it is conducted. The authorities involved will grant permission for the study before it is carried out. Information and data got from the survey will be used for research work. This proposal will be submitted to JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY School of Public Health, Department of environmental health and disease control for approval.

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Agenda, N. O. (2012). Safety and Health among HoteL Cleaners. Occupational Safety and Health , pp. 151.

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Report of the Occupational Safety and Health Risk Assessment. Nairobi, Kenya:OSH

International Labour Organization (ILO).

Jaghbir, P. M. Occupational Health for Hotel Workers. Hashemite University.

MOH-GOK (2011a) e-Health Kenya Facilities 29_04_2011_415 – Master List Ministry of Health – Government of Kenya

MOH-GOK (2011b) e-Health Kenya Facilities: List of Health facilities as of May 2011. MOH-GK

Mugo, J. (2012, August 8). Business Daily. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from

Neitzel, R. (2005, July 11). U.W. Dept. of Environment & Occupational Health Services.

Nsw, W. C. (March 2003). Occupational Health and Hospitality in. NSW.

Nyakang’o JB (2005) Status of Occupational Health and Safety in Kenya Workshop on the PAGE 114

IUPAC–UNESCO-UNIDO Safety Training Program, part of the IUPAC Congress in Bejing. IUPAC-UNESCO, Bejing

Retrieved March 8, 2013, from ww.staff.washington.edu

Subhani MG (2010) Study of Occupational Health & Safety Management System (OHSMS) in Universities’ Context and Possibilities for its Implementation: A case study of University of Gavle., University of Gavle

ILO. (2010). “Safety and Health at Work.” global topics Retrieved December 10,

2010, from http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/safety-and-health-at-work/lang–en/index.htm.

ILO (2001) Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems, ILO-OSH 2001. Vol ILO-OSH 2001. International Labor Office (ILO), Geneva,

Susan, B et al. (2010). Occupational Injury Disparities in the US Hotel Injury. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 53:116-125

The Occupational Safety and Health ACT NO. 15 0F 2007

WHO (2010a) Global strategy on occupational health for all: The way to health at work In Site OHw (ed) A proposed Global Strategy on Occupational Health for All, vol 2010. WHO

Factories and Other Places of Work (Safety and health committee) Rules, 2004WHO (2010b) Health worker occupational health. In: WHO (ed) Occupational Health – Health workers, vol 2012. WHO, Geneva

WHO OSH global plan of action 2008-2017

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Worksafebc. (2009). Health and Safety for Hospitality Small Business. Canada: Worksafebc.

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WORK PLAN

BUDGET

Appendix 1: Consent form

Letter of introduction

Dear respondents,

We are undergraduate students pursuing BSc Public health at JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY researching Knowledge, attitude, and practice of occupational health hazards and safety among Jua kali hotel workers. A case study of Juja town, Juja sub-county in Kiambu County. You happen to be one of the sampled respondents to help carry a successful survey. Your views will be of much importance to the study, and we would be grateful if you could use a few minutes of your time to answer the attached questions on the topic.

Benefits of participation.

There are no monetary benefits but by participating in this study aids us in answering our research questions, and achieving our objectives, giving an eye-opener for interventions that aim at improving your working conditions and environment. However, participation in this survey is not compulsory, and you may decide to withdraw at any time. We would like to assure you that your response to the questions or the information you provide will be treated confidentially and anonymously and will be used solely for this research.

Instructions.

When you sign below, it shows that you have agreed to participate in the study. If you do not understand any part of the information that has been read to you or you have read, be sure to ask questions. Do not sign until you have followed all that is expected or required.

Hotel Owner:

May we start the interview?

Verbal consent: Yes                                    No

Date …………………………………….

Appendix 2: QUESTIONNAIRE

1. SOCIAL – DEMOGRAPHIC DATA.
2. What is your age? ………..
3. Gender

M

F

3. What is your highest level of education attained?

(a) Primary

(b) Secondary

(c) Tertiary

(d) None

4. What specialized training do you have? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. How long have you worked in this hotel? ……………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. OCCURRENCE OF HEALTH HAZARDS.
7. Do you experience any health and safety hazard in the workplace?

Yes                  No

If yes, state them…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. What action do you take when you experience such problems? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. (a) Do you go for any medical examination?

Yes                     No

(b) If No, why? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) If Yes, how frequent?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………

1. EQUIPMENT
2. (a) Do you use any tools/equipment?

Yes                              No

(b) If Yes, which ones? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. (a) Do you encounter any problems while using these tools/equipment?

Yes            No

(b) If yes, which ones?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
2. (a) Do you use any personal protective equipment(s)?

Yes                     No

(b) If Yes, which ones and when do you use them? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Is the personal protective equipment(s) provided at the workplace?

Yes                  No

1. TIME SCHEDULE
2. How many hours do you work per day? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. (a) Do you get any scheduled breaks/off work?

Yes               No

(b)   If Yes, how long? …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1. WATER SUPPLY
2. (a)What is the source of your drinking water? ……………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) How far is the source?

0-50m

50-100m

100 and above

1. HYGIENE AND SANITATION
2. How do you ensure your water is safe? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. (a) What hygiene facilities do you have at your workplace?

………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) How far are they located?

0-50m

50-100m

100 and above

(C) How often are they cleaned? …………………………………………………………………………………………..

(d) What cleaning materials do you use? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. LAWS AND REGULATIONS
2. (a) Do you know any laws governing Occupational Health Hazards?

Yes                  No

(b) If Yes, state them …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(a) Do you follow any of these laws?

Yes                     No

(b)If No, why? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. What health and safety policies do you think should be put in place to facilitate your working conditions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Appendix 3: OBSERVATIONAL CHECKLIST

1. Surrounding environment…………………………………………………………….
2. Walls………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Floors………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Lighting/ventilation……………………………………………………………………
5. Chairs and tables……………………………………………………………………….
6. Roofs……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Drainage systems……………………………………………………………………….
8. Personal hygiene…………………………………………………………………………
9. Waste management systems……………………………………………………………
10. Visible injuries sustained………………………………………………………………