Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD).
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a congenital ailment. Symptoms include advanced weakening of muscles while rapidly getting worse. A malfunctioning gene usually causes them from a protein called dystrophin in the muscles. This protein helps keep muscles intact. DMD is often inherited from mother to baby with a history of the disorder. Carriers of DMD are women having a typical dystrophin genetic factor on one X chromosome and an abnormal gene factor on the other X chromosome. The condition sets off in the early years of a child and, in most cases, often affecting boys owing to the means the disease is transmitted hereditarily. Women who are carriers and have no symptoms of the gene disorder have a 50 percent chance of transmission to their sons. The females born by these mothers have a 50percent chance of becoming carriers. It is in rare conditions that a female is affected by the ailment.
Statistics show that DMD infects 1out of each 3,600 male babies and since it is genetic risk is high in a family with a history of the disorder. The symptoms vary from slightly emaciated muscle feebleness severe weakening effects and can commence in infantile or adulthood. Physical symptoms include awkwardly running, movement, tiredness, falling frequently, fatigue, and strain with motor abilities. Contractures muscles of Achilles ligament and cramps damage functionality since muscle filaments reduce. Treatment aims to control the start of symptoms to make the most of the quality of life. In the long run, DMD distresses all controlled muscles that are the heart and respiratory muscles. The leading cause of death of DMD patient death is due to respiratory failure.
Muscles and Facial Expression
The facial muscles consist of roughly 20 flat skeletal muscles. The majority of these muscles originate from the fibrous structures radiating the skin above an elastic ligament. Facial muscles originate from the 2nd pharyngeal superior, therefore supplying nerves in the face. The attachment to bones of the brain helps accomplish vital roles for everyday living that include chewing and the expressions on the front. Facial muscle location is in the medial to the ears, grander to the jawbone, and inferior to the coronal joint of the brain. The daily function is significantly impaired if muscles do not develop. The primary feature of the face muscles is moving facial skin, unlike other tissues whose purpose is to move joints. Mouth muscles are majorly responsible for the elevation and depression of the mouth, opening, and closure of the mouth and lips movement.
Furthermore, the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi is responsible for pulling nostrils up to open the nose. Together, the major and minor zygomaticus and risorius are the most vital laughter muscles. Nose muscles narrow and fold up nostrils. Reduction of the orbicularis oculi allows glancing, shuts the eyelids, and, lastly, supports tear fluid flow. Moreover, some two extra eyelid muscles reduce the eyebrow hence allowing wrinkling of the brow. The epicranius, in contrast, lifts the ears and eyebrows. The platysma pulls the corner of the mouth sideways, downwards, and constricts the skin. Auricular muscles are easily adjustable and explain the reason as to why some people are capable of freely moving their ears. Face muscles do not only regulate the position and size of facial openings but also make them extra communicative. In that way, the face can send reactions and show the current psychological state of a person. The mental state plays a surprising part conveyance of nonverbal communication among people.
References
Shakhovskaia, N. I., Shishkin, S. S., Skozobtseva, L. F., Shakhovskiĭ, V. A., Rodnikova, N. I., Lunga, I. N., … & Krakhmaleva, I. N. (1999). The use of low doses of prednisolone for the treatment of patients with Duchenne-Becker myodystrophy. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni SS Korsakova, 99(6), 23-26.cenarios.
Baranov, V. S., & Baranov, A. N. (2000). Gene therapy of monogenic hereditary diseases. Duchenne myodystrophy. Voprosy meditsinskoi khimii, 46(3), 279-292
McMahon, T. A. (1984). Muscles, reflexes, and locomotion. Princeton University Press..