Early Empirical Studies of Community Policing annotated bibliography
Flint, Michigan, Neighborhood Foot Patrol Program;
The first and second Newark, New Jersey, Foot Patrol Experiments
Wood, J., Sorg, E. T., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Taylor, C. J. (2014). Cops as treatment providers: Realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment. Policing and Society, 24(3), 362-379.
The study by Wood et al. (2014) focuses on the theory of law enforcement officers as treatment providers due to their intervention in addressing crime in the society through their increased presence. The study emphasized the role of place-based interventions in city spaces that are prone to violence, such as Newark, New Jersey. The experiment was meant to explore the efficacy of the responses in reducing the rate of crime in society. The study was meant to reveal officers’ perceptions of, and experience with foot patrol functions. When focusing on the significance of ‘territoriality’ in place-based interventions, the study showed the efficacy of foot patrol. Therefore, the study is useful in studying the effectiveness of community policing is making it difficult for criminals to commit a crime in places where the interventions are implemented. The article will inform the current research and provide necessary evidence of the success of community policing in cities similar to Newark, New Jersey. Therefore, the study is selected for inclusion in the present research. The study is relevant to current policing efforts by using the police as treatment providers while creating interventions for crimes.
Piza, E. L., & O’Hara, B. A. (2014). Saturation foot-patrol in a high-violence area: A quasi-experimental evaluation. Justice Quarterly, 31(4), 693-718.
Piza and O’Hara (2014) conducted a quasi-experimental design study to establish the efficacy of a saturation foot-patrol program in Newark, New Jersey. The researchers measured the before and after the implementation rate of crime in the city to evaluate the efficacy. They targeted a particular area, an adjacent catchment region, and two separate control territories to establish potential support for foot-patrol in preventing crime in a specific region. The crimes studied were” murder, shootings, and nondomestic aggravated assaults” decreased following the implementation of the program (693). Thus, the study, which proves the efficacy of foot patrol as a community policing initiative, will add value to the current research. It will be useful in the study on the effectiveness of community policing in addressing the problem of crime in specific communities across the country through saturation foot-patrol. Therefore, the researcher will use the article and similar sources for the background of the current research on community policing. The study is relevant in the analysis of foot patrol programs as some of the identified strategies in addressing crime in society.
The Oakland, California, Foot Patrol Program
Jiao, A. Y. (2019). Police Strategies Against Gun Crimes in the United States. 7(1),28-33. doi: 10.11648/j.hss.20190701.14
The study by Jiao (2019) indicated the importance of focused policing, which includes patrol in addressing crime, such as gun violence. The systematic review of the literature reveals that focused control measures are useful in “firearms seizures, reductions in gun crime, and little if any displacement” (31). The Foot Patrol Program is a form of “problem-oriented policing, community policing, or situational and routine activity strategies” (32), which focuses on improving patrol and making it hard for criminals to commit a crime, including gun violence. The article is relevant to the study of the effectiveness of the foot patrol programs, as well as community policing in general in Oakland, California. It will inform further research in police strategies involved in using a community in identifying a crime problem and implementing measures to address it. The study is necessary for establishing whether the policies are effective in reducing the rate of crime in a community, such as Oakland, California. The research is relevant to modern policing in the community due to the increase in gun violence, which necessitates highly effective policing strategies.
Weisburd, D., & Telep, C. W. (2014). Hot spots policing: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 200-220. doi:10.1177/1043986214525083
Foot Patrol Program is one of the currently used hotpot policing strategies aimed at the prevention of crime and making it difficult for criminals to commit a crime within a community. The study by Weisburd and Telep (2014) is a review of literature on the general effectiveness of hot spots policing, focusing on the areas that require new knowledge to understand the strategy and its potential in addressing crime. The Foot Patrol Program in Oakland, California, is one of the proposed attempts to control the prevalence of crime in the city by deploying police to work directly with members of the affected community to address the issue of crime. Thus, further research is necessary to establish the efficacy of the program and similar strategies throughout the country. The study applies to the current research on the effectiveness of community policing in addressing crime in the United States since it focuses on the role of related strategies, such as hotspot policing. The study is relevant in today’s policing to establish what has worked and the areas that need more focus on addressing crime in society.
The Baltimore County Citizen Oriented Police Enforcement Project
White, C., & Weisburd, D. (2018). A co-responder model for policing mental health problems at crime hot spots: Findings from a pilot project. Policing: a journal of policy and practice, 12(2), 194-209.
The Citizen Oriented Police Enforcement Project focuses on the role of policing within a specific community through interaction and collaboration with members of the affected population in addressing crime. White and Weisburd (2018) conducted their study to establish the effectiveness of a proactive co-responder approach as part of community policing in small geographic units. Their plan was unique since it focused on crime hot spots to address criminal actions associated with mental health challenges. They collaborated with mental health clinicians in working closely with members of the community and spending time in hot spot areas to reduce the rate of crime among individuals suffering from mental health and substance abuse issues. The pilot based qualitative interviews demonstrated the efficacy of the approach in reducing crime through increased trust in the law enforcement officers. Therefore, the study is useful for the current research on community and problem-based policing in the United States. The researcher will use the article to provide background information on further exploration of the role and efficacy of community policing, such as targeting crime hotspots. The study is relevant to current policing strategies, such as co-responder models at crime hotspots, to address crime in society.
Hedberg, E. C., Katz, C. M., & Choate, D. E. (2017). Body-worn cameras and citizen interactions with police officers: Estimating plausible effects given varying compliance levels. Justice Quarterly, 34(4), 627-651.
The study by Hedberg, Katz, and Choate (2017) is based on the role of the police in working with members of communities affected by crime. The study focuses on the recent cases of police use of force, which question their accountability and community relations. Community policing is meant to increase the relationships between members of an affected community and the law enforcement officers to identify the causes of crime and implement effective solutions. The research emphasized the role of body-worn cameras (BWCs) by the police when working within communities, such as Baltimore County. The study follows the model of Citizen Oriented Police Enforcement Project in the county, which involves experimenting on the use of specific policing mechanisms to establish their efficacy in fighting crime. The study is relevant to the current research on the effectiveness of community policing in addressing crime in communities across the country. It will inform the part of the research on some of the effective measures that the police use to prevent crime and increase their partnership with members of the affected community. The study is relevant to modern policing strategies, such as the use of body-worn cameras to improve citizen interactions in crime hotspots.