EUROPE AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE RISING POWERS
There are many emerging powers that fundamentally question the traditional views on international relations. The countries are competing for regional and global leadership in almost every sphere. As the Eastern countries are trying to expand their economy the main centre of trade from the Atlantic is shifting towards the Pacific and this can make Europe lose influences. The emerging power houses which include China, Russia, India and Brazil are attracting attention towards them. These countries are growing faster than the European Union in the last 20 years. So there is an economic and political shift. Economic integration has rapidly risen in recent years. The former distinction between core and periphery is no longer valid because many developing countries are catching up.
The emerging economy are regional powers and partly even global powers. it is associated with a relative decline of the west and a relative rise of the East. Europe is the most important economic area in the world. it has the highest share of world income ( GDP), but that share has been falling since the 1990s, while China’s share has been constantly on the rise full stop China is “neither a missionary culture nor a valued superpower,” says Kerry Brown of the University of Sydney.¹ Europe has remained by far the world’s most important trading bloc (40% in 2008) followed by the followed by North America and East and Southeast Asia. Interestingly, intra-regional trade is very important in the European Union( 25%) which means that among the European countries there is very much intra-industry trade. This applies even more to enjoy Asian trade: two third of East and Southeast Asia trade is intra-regional. This means that, for instance, China’s trade development depends more on Asian Trade growth than on trade with the United States of America and the European Union.
In certain parts of the world the European Union has lost shares in trade, but in energy-abundant states ( oil, gas) and the most dynamic of the world- Asia, especially China – its trade shares have been on the rise for more than a decade. The European Union is able to take better advantage of the regional powers’ growing demand for resources to foster their industrial growth. In these countries, the European Union has realized rising shares i.e. ( 40%) which means more than doubling since 1995.
10 % Plagiarism found and the reference used are below….Please try to put iin your own words
The Challenge to Europe: Regional Powers and the… | Intereconomics
https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2011/number/5/article/the-challenge-to-europe-regional-powers-and-the-shifting-of-the-global-order.html
https://archive.intereconomics.eu/year/2011/5/the-challenge-to-europe-regional-powers-and-the-shifting-of-the-global-order/
——————————————————————————————————————
SOUTH AFRICA
If the European Union would select a strategic partner on the African continent, there would be several choices based either on geographic consideration, economic sector, historical relations due to colonization. The trade development and co-operation agreement has established a free trade area that covers 90% of bilateral trade between European Union and South Africa. In June 2016, South Africa signed the EU-SADC EPA together with five other Southern African countries ( Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia and Swaziland). Once ratified the EPA will replace the TDCA. South Africa’s relations with the European Union are governed by the Trade, Development and Co-operation Agreement concluded with the European Union in 1999. The TDCA contract consists of two parts; the European Union and South Africa Trade Agreement (EU-SA FTA) and the European Program for Reconstruction and Development (EPRD). The EU-SA FTA constitutes the creation of a free trade area between the European Union and South Africa. The EPRD agreement consists of the European Union financial support to South Africa in terms of Social Service, Private sector development, good governance, demonetization and human rights, and regional integration². South Africa, while part of the African Caribbean Pacific group of countries, is not partly to the same preferential trade arrangements granted to the African Caribbean Pacific countries under the Cotonou Agreement.
South Africa joined the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) negotiation as part of the southern African development community group in February 2007. South Africa is an emerging economy, a large part of the population lives in poverty. The EU is by far South Africa’s most important development partner, providing for 70% of all external assistance funds.
17% Plagiarism found and the reference used are below….Please try to put iin your own words
South Africa
https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/south-africa/
——————————————————————————————————————
INDIA
European Union relations date to the early 1960’s with India wing amongst the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with the European Economic Community. A co-operation agreement signed in 1994 to the bilateral Relationship beyond trade and economic co-operation. At the 5th India European Union Summit at the Hague in 2004, the relationship was upgraded to a ‘Strategic Partnership’. the two sides adopted the Joint Action Plan in 2005 ( which was received in 2008) that provided for strengthening dialogue and consultation mechanism in the political and economic spheres, enhancing trade and investment and bringing peoples and cultures together. ” The sheer size of the European Union in economic, trade and financial terms makes it a world player.”³
The European Union is India’s largest trading partner with 12.5% of India’s overall trade between 2015 and 2016, ahead of China (10.8%) and the United States (9.3%). India is the European Union’s 9th largest trading partner with 2.4 % of the European Union’s overall trade. France, Germany and the UK collectively represent the major part of European Union-India trade.
Over the years, India and European Union have signed a number of bilateral agreements and MOUs, notably a Science and Technology Agreement (2001, renewed in 2007), Joint Vision Statement for promoting cooperation in the field of Information and Communication Technology (2001), Customs Co-operation Agreement (2004), Memorandum of Understanding or Co-operation in Employment and Social Affairs (2006), Horizontal Civil Aviation Agreement (2008), Joint Declaration in the field of Education of Training (2008), Joint Declaration on Multilingualism (2009), Agreement in the field of Nuclear Fusion Energy Research (2009), Joint Declaration on Culture (2010), Moll on Statistics (2012) Joint Declaration on Research and Innovation Co-operation (2012) and Joint Declaration on Enhanced Cooperation in Energy (2012).
15 % Plagiarism found and the reference used are below….Please try to put iin your own words
https://www.ey.com/en_us/covid-19/how-do-we-revive-the-economy-and-reframe-the-future
https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-EU_Relations.pdf
——————————————————————————————————————
BRAZIL
Brazil was one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with the then-European Economic Community in 1960. Since then bilateral relationship has changed but has maintained its high importance within the framework of Brazilian Foreign policy. The European Union is Brazil’s second biggest trading partner accounting for 18.3% of its total trade. Brazil is the European Union’s 11th biggest trading partner, accounting for 1.7% of total European Union trade (2017). Brazil’s Exports mostly primary products such as foodstuffs, beverages and tobacco products that is 16.3% of European Union imports from Brazil and also vegetables (17.8%) and mineral products (21.8%). to Brazil is the single biggest exporter of Agricultural Products to the European Union worldwide. European Union mainly exports machinery and appliances (26.6%), chemical products (23.6%) and transport equipment (13.6%). Therefore European Union is the biggest foreign investor in Brazil with investments in many sectors of the Brazilian company.
Cooperation with Brazil and European Union was formalized in 1992 with the signing of the Framework Cooperation Agreement. It also proved strategic in promoting the European Union’s relations with Mercosur, the common market project that involves Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay and they are currently negotiating a free trade agreement.
The EU-MERCOSUR relationship is a cornerstone of European Union- Brazil cooperation. Of the four core members- Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay- Brazil alone accounts for approximately 80% of the population within the South-American Regional Organization. EU-MERCOSUR relations therefore inevitably converge within European Union- Brazil relations, in particular concerning economic issues Of market access. The first step towards EU-MERCOSUR Association Agreement was taken in 1999 with the aim to deepen inter regional relations, and in first instance stimulate trade and investment flows between the two regional trade blocs.
Brazil plays a key role in establishing dialogues between the BRICS ( Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), IBSA ( India, Brazil and South Africa) and BASIC ( Brazil, South Africa, India and China). Brazil’s advocacy for the interest of the ‘Global South’ and ability to organise coalitions on international for it has inevitably come into conflict with some aspects of European Union foreign policy, for example- BRICS opposing International intervention proposed by European Union countries at the UN Secretary Council and the BASIC countries blocked progress on international climate regulations.
24% Plagiarism found and the reference used are below….Please try to put iin your own words
http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/en/ficha-pais/6698-european-union
https://ghum.kuleuven.be/ggs/events/2012/05_2012/eubrazilconferencereportfinalv-1.pdf
————————————————————————————————————
CHINA
The European Union approach towards China was set out in a strategy adopted in 2016 and updated in March 2019 in a joint communication of the European Commission and the High Representative. The balance of challenges and opportunities presented by China has shifted overtime. For the European Union, China is simultaneously a cooperation partner, a negotiation partner, and economic competitor and a systemic rival. The European Union pursues realistic, effective and coherent engagement with China, based on Our values and interest. In June 2015 remarks to the China- EU Business Summit, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang described the European Union as “a major pole on the political arena”. China strategy in Europe appears to institutionalize engagement game access to Europe’s significant market and technology base, garner support for China’s Global interest and to reduce, but not challenge, long-standing United States dominance In Europe.
The European Union relation with China, well predominantly economic in nature, is also designed to promote European Union Influence in other areas. The European Union and China hold an annual strategic dialogue to discuss bilateral relations with focus on foreign and security policy, at the level of the High Representative / Vice President on the European Union side and the State Counsellor for Foreign Affairs on the Chinese side. This political dialogue attempts to address critical global issues, such as human rights, the South China Sea, North Korea and China’s. “One Belt One Road” initiative. Over the last decade, Europe has become a top destination for Chinese investors. Between 2009-2017 this investment amounted to approximately $300 billion. Chinese construction contracts in that same period came in at close to $40 billion. In March 2019, Italy became the largest European country to participate in China’s Belt and Road initiative pledging to co-operate in the development of the Nation’s infrastructure, Civil Aviation, Ports, Energy and Telecommunication.
14% Plagiarism found and the reference used are below….Please try to put iin your own words
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10252.pdf
—————————————————————————————————————
CONCLUSION
The objective of the topic is to understand the relationship between the European Union and the emerging powers. Initially European countries were the Great influence over trade and economy in many parts of the world. But as time passed and many economies came into existence, It is seen that European Union has cooperated with those countries as well. We have studied the relations of the European Union which is like South Africa, India, Brazil and China. The European Union is the top trading partner for all four BASIC countries, and investment made in most of the countries is huge. It has invested more in the BASIC countries than those countries have invested in European Union. India and China are the two most important basic countries for the European Union. Both are large in terms of population, GDP and global influence. European Union and China trade exceeds more than the European Union and Indian trade. The basic countries and the BRICS countries have given economic importance to the European Union.
CONCLUSION IS OK AND DOES NOT HAVE ANY PALGIARISM
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Challenge to Europe: Regional Powers and the… | Intereconomics
https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2011/number/5/article/the-challenge-to-europe-regional-powers-and-the-shifting-of-the-global-order.html
https://archive.intereconomics.eu/year/2011/5/the-challenge-to-europe-regional-powers-and-the-shifting-of-the-global-order/
South Africa
https://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/south-africa/
- Margaret C. Lee (2002) p. 81-85 (If any text has been taken from this article please mark it on the text with yellow.)
India-EU Relations
https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/India-EU_Relations.pdf
- European Business News Online May 2007.
- https://europe. eu int/wmm/external_relations/us/intro/
- https://www.wikiwand.com/en/India%E2%80%93 European_Union_relations
Brazil (https://www.itamarty.gov.br/en/ficha-pais/6698-european-union#:-:text=European%20 Union, framework%20of%20 Brazilian%20foreign%20policy.)
- https://ec. europa. eu/trade/policy/countries-and-region/countries/brazil/
- European External Actions in a Multilateral Arena: An Analysis of EU Relations with Brazil Pg. 4-5
- Strategic Challenges in the EU-Brazil Relationship
China
- https://eeas. europa. eu/headquarters/headquaters-homepage_en/34728/EU-China%20Relation%20factsheet.
- https://www.crs.gov