Human-level artificial intelligence
Humans are machines that think, however, getting to think of an artificial machine that thinks is amusing. This means that humans are forming an artificial life. It seems impressive since we would be creating an artificial mind that thinks either better than humans or worse than humans. It may seem inevitable for a machine to think; however, there are some which reflections prove that machine thinking is real. Many suggestions have been raised concerning machine thinking, some appreciating the idea while others are declining the thought of having machines that think. These discussions will focus on understanding the concept of machines that think and how they will slowly impact our society after they are gradually introduced to the community. Also, how differently artificial machines will think from human intelligence. Lastly, how some films have proved that machine thinking can be more of an added advantage to our society
Human-level artificial intelligence is coming. Most of the authors who contributed to the Edge are sure that artificial intelligence is on its way. Antony Garret being one of the authors, says that “The environmental playing field for the super-intelligent machines is already in place.” He tells of how the non- human entities have already started operating, where they work only to fulfill their missions and don’t care about humans. For instance, trading machines of investments in banks are seriously competing for lots of money and thus putting human traders out of business.
However, Garret still points out how the non- human entities will be of great use to big corporations since humans will tend to delegate duties to computers that can run corporations. Thus the corporate boards will no longer comprise humans instead of computers, thus creating more power to the corporates. John C. Mather also finds no reason why general artificial intelligence should not be put into action. Being a senior astrophysicist at NASA, he clarifies why artificial intelligence will happen sooner than later because no law has prevented the creation of human artificial intelligence. Many other contributors of Edge have found it valid the human artificial intelligence.
Garret also points out the positive impact of having superintelligence. There are lots and lots of things that human artificial intelligence can do better than humans. First, computers tend to share information easily than humans; thus, they retain most of the data. As computers gain more and more knowledge, they get wiser than humans; therefore, their artificial intelligence will be much higher than human intelligence. Thus the intelligent machines will be able to attend to human needs more than humans can. Artificial intelligent machines will offer various goods and services that are advanced, but at a little cost since the production cost of most companies will reduce.
Kurt Gray further proves how thinking machines will help keep the human conscience clean. He argues that studies in moral psychology show that humans always urge to blame someone if they face any kind of suffering. For instance, we may end up blaming people, which leads to acts of violence such as killings. However, with artificial machines at hand, they will make their own decisions that will protect humans from killing by shielding them from blame. Gerd Gigerenzer says that most doctors do not comprehend health statistics, finding it challenging to evaluate medical articles in their field. Thus he suggests that
Robodoctors could come in handy when it comes to offering better psychology. Robodoctors are the best when thinking about what is best for the patients and aiming more on the best care rather than the best revenues. Instead of suing doctors because of bad decisions made while treating the patient, it would be best to sue a robodoctors where the chances if suing a robodoctors would be minute since the artificial machines have higher artificial intelligence. There are lots and lots of benefits that come along when the non-human artificial intelligence machines are introduced.
However, despite all the benefits of artificially intelligent machines, questions still arise of how robots will think differently from human intelligence, yet humans are the creators of intelligent machines. Will we get to the point where humans will be slaves for machines? Kelvin Kelly answers our question by saying that “We’re notoriously bad at statistical thinking, so we are making intelligence with good statistical skills to don’t think like us.” Thus, the non- human artificial intelligent machines will think differently from humans and have a higher thinking capacity.
Rebecca MacKinnon, a contributor at Edge, says that a combination of consciousness of social networks will be collected to form a pseudo-Jungian, which will help make an intelligent machine’s electric brain. Although artificial intelligence will comprise more of the human networks, it will be more advanced since it will contain a collection of many networks. Artificial intelligent machines thus will not think like us. Kelvin Kelly also adds that although the intelligent machines will possess some traits just like humans, such as segmentation, their brains will be unlike humans. To have a better world, we need different thinking, which is from the artificial machines.
In some cases, the machines will not think in a deeper and higher perspective; instead, they will think simpler. Enabling the somewhat tricky task gets more manageable. The extremely difficult questions which require hundreds of scientist from different fields in which they specialize to solve the puzzle will no longer be needed. Artificial intelligent machines will help solve all the problems. However, it will be challenging for humans to accept their solutions since it will require humans to broaden their thinking. Their way of thinking will force humans to change some aspects of their lives. This means we may become slaves of intelligent machines since humans will tend to rely more on their intelligence than human intelligence.
However, other scientists argue that thinking machines have been in existence. For instance, Frank Wilczek argues that the only difference between human and artificial intelligence is how it was made. He further adds that artificial intelligence is a result of human culture and the values of human cultures. Thus artificial intelligence is just but a replicate of human intelligence only that the creation of both bits of intelligence differ. Sean Carroll supports the idea of machine thinking being already in existence since she says that those machines are her friends that are being talked about, thus supporting the idea that humans are also thinking machines.
Furthermore, Carlo Rovelli talks of how, for humans, it easy to make a thinking machine. It only requires a few minutes of a boy and a girl later, the girl experiences some changes, and after some time, things happen. This shows how humans can prove that humans are themselves if they have a good combination of chemicals and emotions. With the many innovations and inventions since the past centuries, thinking machines are still in existence. Without the help of artificial intelligence, a lot has been invented, making humans’ lives easier. Thus even without non-human artificial intelligence, humans are still thinking machines and can do many inventions without the help of artificial intelligence.
Other than thinking that humans are machines, some scientists suggest that humans are slowly merging with machines, thus becoming transhumans. Arnold Trehub suggests that machines cannot think; therefore, it requires humans’ brains to make the non-humans artificial intelligent machines. Thus for artificially intelligent machines to exists, they need humans to make them carefully. Afterward, when the artificially intelligent machines are made, humans will rely on their way of thinking. Human intelligence and artificial intelligence will slowly merge, making both of them connected to one way or another.
The artificial intelligent machines are generally like humans; intelligent machines have information cloud, an upgraded technology, have implants in their joints made of titanium; also, they have hearing aids that assist machines in absorbing information. This further proves that the artificial intelligence machines are an extension of our human body parts. Thus the boundary between humans and machines is slowly diminishing. Roger Highfield phrases it as,’ Millions of primitive cyborgs walk among us already.’
Having stated that machines are a replicate of human intelligence, will machines have feelings or experiences in some instances of emotions? Gerald Smallberg gives the opinion that machines will not experience emotions or any sort of feelings. Smallberg considers that how we think is intertwined with having any kind of emotions or feelings. Through the years of human evolution, humans have evolved ways on they use language and symbolic thought, which enables humans to develop emotions. Also, over the past decades, humans and animals have experienced different kinds of emotions. This forms a theory of mind where humans can understand how other humans think, thus sharing knowledge and also helping us understand the importance of having emotions in our lives.
Gerald also considers that intelligent machines are not similar to humans and will not evolve through natural selection. They will only be formed based on the amount of information and data they store to determine what is relevant and irrelevant. They will be created in such a way that morals will be essential to them. Thus it will be difficult for them to develop emotions. Thinking machines will only get valuable in developing the ability to have emotions and feelings in their systems.
Lastly, many scientists have proven that intelligent machines are on their way to being processed. Others, such as Ernst Poppel, have talked about thinking machines being present in the real world, and they are a few of them. However, other scientists have different views saying that scientists have got a long way before thinking machines function. Gary Marcus, a psychology professor, says that people have become so much excited about thinking machines such that they forget that there has been less progress towards more than five decades concerning developing a strong AI. There is still no machine that can figure on how to write a captivating essay for a scientific examination. Before even considering having thinking machines, we have to take into account three possibilities.
First, Artificial Intelligence ( AI) will only be solved if the current machines get faster and bigger. This means that the existing machines are far from what is expected to make intelligent machines. Second, thinking machines will only occur if the algorithms for AI get far better than the current algorithms in place. Some errors in algorithms may exist such that they fail to accommodate a large amount of data, which is required by the thinking machines to store information. Lastly, humankind is yet to understand the evolution made for the construction of the human brain. However, when the adjustments are made by the scientists’ then non-human artificial intelligence will be created. Furthermore, human intelligence is also a thinking machine, as many experts suggest.
Despite focusing more on artificial intelligent machines and how they will be beneficial to humankind, some individuals are still against the creation of thinking machines. There is a possibility that the future technology of artificial machines could take over the human race, which means that we may end up becoming slaves to artificial thinking machines. This will only happen if the thinking machines are created to give better and simpler solutions, which humans find it difficult to solve. There is also an argument that scientists who tend to make non-human thinking machines do not consider humans’ value since they do not set any distinction. Thus they seem to be less cautious of what they are creating. They also do not illustrate how computation theory can get in alignment with emotions for the machines. Simply, they fail to explain their computations’ foundations, which support or decline the thought of having artificial thinking machines.
Antony Garret also talks of some negatives about the first artificial thinking machines because they will seem more challenging to control. Thus the government will have to take action and control the artificial machines. This will be much more difficult since they create their laws, and thus the corporations will not be favored at some point. The government does not create; instead, they tend to manipulate, which means that the corporations will have no choice but to fight for their existence. Dictatorial governments, for instance, will not show any kindness if artificial thinking machines get to be inhumane and do more harm than good to the humankind.
Thus for the creation and existence of the non –human artificial thinking machines to exists, the Artificial Intelligence team must work together to ensure that they create a thinking machine that will do more good than harm. They also have to consider looking into the negative perspective of creating artificially intelligent machines to prevent any negative outcome that may be present in the machines. Some films have created much attention and amusement on how artificial machines can help the human race. Though some poses on the negatives of having such machines, they also prove the importance which will help prove my thesis statement on the need to create the non-human artificial intelligence machines.
Chappie, a film that was released in 2015, gets the artificial intelligence right. Out of ten films, it was awarded the first realism score. It generally talks of a machine called ‘born’ which has the idea of the world and also has got experiences. It gives the impression that most machines with an AI algorithm must go through trial and error experience. Born learns very fast about what is wrong and right. However, the film, it is unrealistic that only one individual writes the program by himself, and also the idea of how the human brain gets replicated on a chip for the artificial intelligence machine without no basis is somewhat speculative. Blade Runner, released in 1982, is another example of a film supporting artificial intelligence. It focuses on the creation of organic life from genetic engineering technology. The interesting part it understands the importance of machines having emotions. The film suggests that thinking machines are similar to humans; thus, they can experience emotions.
However, it does not consider that there is no genetic engineering technique that can get implant memories which are complex to humans. Lastly, Transcendence, which was released in 2014, summarizes how Caster was the first’s Artificial Intelligence that its consciousness was uploaded to the computer after it dies. Transcendence demonstrates how human bodies are not necessary because the artificial machines are computer programs. However, the idea of a whole-brain getting uploaded does not add up.
Lastly, reading the book, what do you think about machines that think has broadened my mind on machines. I support having machines because they will be beneficial to our livelihoods; they will also help in solving complex puzzles that, in normal circumstances, require hundreds of human brains to come together to solve the triggering puzzles. We must also focus on the negatives of having artificial intelligent machines and finding ways in which they can be improved so that they may not be dangerous to humankind. Lastly, as we focus on creating artificially intelligent machines, we must also accept that some thinking machines have already existed and are coming in handy to support the human race.
References.