human race
The continuous arguments of the human race have been primarily based on two factors; first human beings experience clinical variation with distance, and second, there are higher genetic differences within a race as compared to between races (Kopee, 2014)
The term cline has been primarily used to describe the characteristics of biological variation in species. It is a gradient in measurable trains among biological species. Since biological traits vary across geographical characteristics in a cline, it isn’t easy to categories cline into classes. According to Brace. The term cline describes gradation in the distribution of discrete biological trains. Biological trains can by utilizing the concept of a cline. This perspective has been influential in the battle against race and racism.
Race refers to a population that differ from each other by the frequency of specific genes and the characters they produce. Thus, different populations have different genetic characteristics. Research on these genetic variations establishes the existence of clinical classes in human beings have formed the basis for ethnicity and racial categories in the United States. Recent research has established that various racial and ethnic groups have a biological basis in statistically discerning clusters of alleles. Thus social scientists should not ignore genetic data when stating that human races are socially constructed.
It is assumed that racial categorization is a major concern in the United States. It is a vital aspect that influences the distribution of resources. Commonly race has been associated with variation in physical expressions such as skin colour.
Various scientists believe that biology can be used in the classification of human beings. Based on human genetic variations, four categories of populations are based on geographical distance including americanus, europaeus, afer and asiaticus. These classifications are based on geographical regions. It is assumed that their populations are physically different and had migrated farther from the Garden of Eden and had developed variations due to climatic conditions; skin colour and culture: cranial deformation. Scientists propose that cranial deformation was carried out in the prehistoric and historical societies for beauty.
It is suggested that human genetics have produced clinical variation across the human population. Genetic and phenotypic characteristics vary clinically with minimal discontinuity across human populations; for example, skin colour varies across a latitudinal gradient. Population near the equator have darker skin due to higher exposure to UV light as compared to those living away from the equator. Also, certain genetic differences occur in longitudinal variation in Western Eurasia. More so, various genetic traits across the globe show different clinical gradients. The above analysis shows that variation across the human population occurs irrespective of racial groups (Fujimura et al., 2014).
Based on genetic evidence, the americanus and asiaticus, have significant similarities. Both have shovel-shaped incisors indicating that they have an evolutionary relationship. Also, they have similar haplogroups with Northeast Asians; A, B, C, and D genes are inherited together and do no recombine. These haplogroups are from Asiatics who migrated to the United States of America.
Also, some subgroups have a common language, thus suggesting that they have a common ancestry. The word “Aryan” originated from India in the late eighteen century. Currently, the language is being spoken across northern India, Italy, Greece, Western Europe and Germany.in his study, Gobineau established that the putative Aryans, had a Teutonic origin. He further states that their biological and behavioural traits were significant in creating the Aryan race. The discovery of a common language was a milestone in the fight against racism (Brace, 2005).
Human populations who live close to each other have some degree of similarity in their genetic characteristics irrespective of regional boundaries. These similarities have an inverse relationship with geographic distance. These similarities are based on three distinct factors; genes exchange between populations. Second, clinical differences in humans due to long-distance migration out of Africa into other continents. Finally, clinical variations due to natural selection and adaptation due to environmental changes (Fujimura et al., 2014).
Despite information on the biological variations across populations, there are some distinctions across some cline. These differences have been attributed to two elements; genetic drift, and environmental and geographical factors. For example, despite having a common ancestry, Asian and Native American produce gene frequency differences. Besides these differences across different group do not correlate with ethnic and racial groups (Fujimura et al., 2014)
The theory of Chine can be used in fighting the challenge of race science. Based on genetic variation, there are four groups; Americanus, europaeus, afer and asiaticus. Some of the similarities across these groups include the haplogroup A, B, C, and D among the Americans and Asian. A common language across Europe, Greece, Italy, among other regions. Historically, the division race classification has been based on social classes. The similarities across these four groups suggest that they share a common ancestry.
Furthermore, biological variations, although they are delineated across racial groups, they take place due to geographical variations and irrespective of a racial group. Notable genetic variation occurs across the latitudinal and longitudinal gradient. Thus, human beings should not be categorized bases on racial and ethnicity but based on their genetic and phenotypic characteristics.
References
Brace, L. C. (2005). Race is a Four-Letter Word: The Genesis of the Concept. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Fujimura, J., Bolnick, D., Rajagopalan, R., Kaufman, J., Lewontin, R., Duster, T., . . . Marks, J. (2014). Clines Without Classes: How. Sociological Theory, 32(3), 208-227. doi:10.1177/0735275114551611
Kopee, M. (2014). Clines, Cluster, and Clades in the Race Debate. Philosophy of Science., 1053-1065. doi:10.1086/677695