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Introduction to Petroleum Geology
Summary of the Major Topics
The first topic of the lecture is the history of petroleum, which explains the history of the petroleum industry. The sources of petroleum in ancient history included oil seeps in Carthage and oil and asphalt from natural seepages. The uses of oil in ancient history included medication, warfare, and waterproofing. The first country to discover oil was china, as the first wells drilled were there. Petroleum in modern days has direct or indirect uses. The direct purposes include cooking, electricity, heating and cooling, and also in transportation. The indirect applications include making of products such as fertilizers, medicine, detergents, cosmetics, and fabrics. Petroleum has had positive and negative impacts on the economy, environment, and geopolitical environment. Although oil was discovered a long time ago, it is still under development.
The topic of the chemistry of petroleum explains how petroleum forms. It is a mixture of liquid, gas, and solid hydrocarbons. The organic matter is first changed by the heating it into kerogen, which, after turning into liquid, becomes oil. The next topic on origin petroleum and the petroleum system explains mainly the origin of petroleum controversy where there are debates on the source of petrol. There are those, for instance, who support biogenic origin and others that of biologic production. It also looks at the carbon cycle, global implications, and even the petroleum system. The temperature in the earth is a topic that looks at whether temperature increases with depth. It explains why it is that temperature increases with the extent of the land.
Subsurface water is a topic that explains the sources of the subsurface water and also the types. The water may come from surface water, freshwater, or deep basin water. The applications of water chemistry, as discussed in the topic, include control on the evolution of porosity, clues to the petroleum system, and also used in salinity values. Some environmental issues arise, for instance, disposal of produced waters and contamination of surface water by spills. Another topic is the deepwater horizon disaster that shows the victims of a deepwater horizon rig operated by Transocean. The problems that caused the incident are explained, for instance, the cement job issues where the company did not run a cement bond log. Petroleum geology pressure in the earth explains why pressure increases with the depth of the land and the pressure ingredients that include hydrostatic, tectonic, and isostatic. Overpressure, as described in the chapter, is as a result of stress or force.
The geological issue in drilling is also a topic in the lecture which explains the rotary drilling and system. Some of the methods of drilling include drill pipes, top drive drilling, and the drilling mud system. Formation evaluation of Well logs is a chapter that explains the rock types used as sandstone, limestone, and shale. The section also outlines the rock properties and include temperature, porosity, permeability, and fractures. The topic of petroleum generation and migration explains how petroleum explored and how useful source rock forms, for instance, through the preservation of organic matter and sedimentation. The steps of how oil gets out of the source rock are also explained. The carbonate reservoir is a topic that defines the permeability and porosity of the stones used in extraction.
The topic of sedimentary rocks and basins explains the origin of carbonate sedimentary and clastic rocks. A sedimentary basin, as defined, is a thick accumulation of sediment. The three types are chemical, biochemical, and detrital sedimentary rocks. The rocks form through transport, weathering, deposition, and lithification. Fractured reservoir’s topic explains how systematic fractures occur over vast areas. The last chapter describes the properties of tanks under the categories of porosity and permeability. It explains that permeability controls migration and production and that cementation and compaction reduce porosity. The fourteen topics, therefore, give a detailed introduction to petroleum geology.
Formation Evaluation of Well Logs
The topic I liked most is the formation evaluation of Well logs. The chapter is exciting as it explains the type of rock, properties, fluids, and engineering required to make well logs. The Well logs so many purposes, such as economics, structural studies, and reservoir modeling, and it is for the many uses of the woods that made me develop interest on the topic. I want to learn more about the applications by being given a detailed explanation of how the logs are used in many different areas. The chapter also explains the fluid capacity of the woods, which is defined as porosity. The topic of formation evaluation of logs is an interesting one as it covers many areas of log formation such as the application, formation, and also how to measure the porosity.
The Potential Research Ideas on Well Logs
The potential research ideas on the topic are why the Well logs are essential and what information each log type gives. Well, logs are used to determine the suitability of a well and to identify any problems that might occur in the process of drilling. The information gotten is then used the desirability of the formations depending on the type of the wells. Each type of log gives different information, for instance, acoustic Well logs explain how informal it is for sound waves to travel through formation, photoelectric log gives information on the photoelectric absorption of the Well logs while radioactivity Well logs provide information on the amount of shale present in the composition. These are some of the research ideas that could be explored more to find out the importance of the Well logs and what information each type of Well log conveys.