Literature Criticism
Introduction
Literary criticism is an approach aimed at discussing the importance and the necessity of literature. Understanding this concept, therefore, guides the lovers of literature into understanding it in totality. The following essay is aimed at discussing various aspects of the approach and shedding more light on how it affects writing. The concept of theory and politics is also covered to explicitly show that despite the importance of theory in policy development. It is incapable of thoroughly engaging in politics, and this is because approaches tackle the potentiality aspect of governance while politics cover the actuality aspect of management. Theories, therefore, break down how the governance should potentially look like while the politics define the governance from the real perspective. Politics, therefore, is what comprises the management of a given jurisdiction. Acting and reading are also differentiated and well explained based on different philosopher’s perceptions. Interpretation is the aspect of trying to create a knowledge base about a particular phenomenon while acting, on the other hand, is utilising that knowledge to develop solutions to existing problems. Deconstruction, however, affects the meaning and understanding of different readers. Different readers, therefore, end up getting different information from the text leading. The difference in intelligence is based on the difference in people’s perception of the text. Failure to understands the author’s intention during the development of the concept affects the readers understanding of the book. The essay, therefore, tries to explain why theories cannot tackle the idea of politics effectively. The article is developed in support of the argument.
Criticism is the evaluation and the interpretation of artwork with an objective of understanding all the possible meaning of the context. Criticism a time gets presented as being unpleasant since it is based on finding the faults in the work of art. However, criticisms can take various forms which eventually end up providing the readers with a critical edge to guide their understanding of the context. Criticism is based on judgement based on the merits and the demerits of something under consideration. Criticism helps the reader to have a different approach when reading any part of the art. Through this, the reader can understand the text in a better way as opposed to when there is no criticism. Understanding the context is based on trying to understand the intention of the author. Through criticism, the readers are provided with a broader approach from which to understand the author’s purpose. In recognising the literature criticism helps the reader to have an informed judgement towards the matter which he/she is considering. The approach presents a broadened reasoning criterion towards the artwork being analysed. Through the criticism approach, the reader can understand the authors intended meaning more closely. Barthes, however, notes that we cannot purely understand the author’s intention towards the development of any part of work. Despite this, when the reader employs the critic approach in his/her reading, he/she can eliminate the vagueness in the text and therefore understands the author’s mind. Criticism creates an avenue for the development of the artwork, from the criticism the author of a given piece of art can develop his/her work to eliminate the criticism. Through this, the different meaning of the text can be deduced and identified to allow the reader of the piece of art to understand it better. The approach also presents the reader with the best reading mechanism; this is because the reader will be guided by the critics to try to understand the developed artwork. Due to this, the reader will read a given piece of art objectively to try either justify the critics or eliminate them on his/her part altogether. Literary criticism analysis a given aspect of the work of literature giving out its strength, weakness and also the good and evil characters about the artwork. Through this concept of critiquing allows the reader to understand the artwork from a broader perspective, allowing the reader to see even beyond the text. Through critiquing the meaning about a given piece of art is analysed and discussed, this, therefore, guides the reader into completely understanding the context of the text which would be impossible without the critiquing. Critiquing allows the reader to interpret the artwork based on real-life situations, through this the inner meaning of a document can be understood. Barthe notes that a book has a different sense within it, this, therefore, means that through critiquing these different level of meaning will be portrayed and therefore well understood. The criticism approach enables the reader to focus on specific elements of the text during their reading practice. Through this, the reading exercise is guided by the critiques about the writing. Through this approach, the reader has an opportunity to know other people perception about the work of literature. Due to this he/she will have a base of argument when developing his/her understanding of the artwork. Through studying literature from this perspective the skills of critical thinking are produced on the part of the reader, this helps deepen the knowledge of the read materials. Criticism also makes the work of literature interesting, when criticism has been used for text it gives the reader interest to read and have his/her version of the story. The approach motivates the reader to interact with the book and come up with a different understanding or point of argument which makes him/her stand out from the other critics. It gives the reader an avenue through which they can contribute to the knowledge about the text by identifying what other readers had not determined from the book.
A theory can be defined as a framework of ideas aimed at explaining something based on some general principles about the matter under consideration. A method is based on a generalisation of aspects depending on the context under consideration. Theories effectively analyse a situation based on the premise on which the phenomenon is created. However, the argument lacks the aspect of practicability in real life situations. Due to this, therefore, the critics are justified in concluding that theory cannot be applied to then the political world. The generalisation aspect of the arguments makes them inapplicable to the real world scenarios of politics since different jurisdictions are operating and shaping the political world. The political environment is based on various activities not actionable on the theories on which it is based. The political climate is highly dynamic changing now and then. The changes affect the principles and theoretical framework on which the practice was based. The conceptual framework doesn’t offer actionable solutions to the changing political world, and political operations are guided by decisions objectively developed to solve the problem facing the subject being ruled. These theories interpretations are confronted with a lot of subjectivity where their understanding is based on the perception of the interpreters (Busch and Brigitta 2012). There is no universal interpretation for these theoretical frameworks and thus their utility and applicability gets distorted. A single theory can be applied in different scenarios based on the perception of the person using it, the difference in attitudes towards an approach therefore affects the utility power of the theory. Theories are developed based on certain assumptions which are not necessarily true. Due to this when the operational environments fail to conform to the requirement and assumption under which the theory was developed therefore the method becomes inapplicable to the situation. Politics also deals with understanding the human behaviour of the subject, and there is no single theory correctly analysing the pattern of human behaviour. Human behaviour shapes the political environment, the complexity in human behaviour makes the political climate more complex. There is no perfect way of dealing with humanity; this is because there are differences where what can be considered as acceptable by a specific individual is entirely unacceptable by another party. Decision making from a political perspective, therefore, is subjective to different operational factors. Some theories, however, are strategically developed and designed towards solving a particular problem. These theories can, therefore, be used to offer a solution to specific situations. Such assumptions include the methods developed through the blackboard approach, under this, expertise in the political arena may come together to create a theoretical solution approach to a problem. However, despite the efforts from the knowledge the theory may not entirely fit to be a solution to the existing political problem.
Theoretical framework faces some implementation constraints, the theoretical aspects of a problem doesn’t completely match with its actual physical components of the scenario. The different political environment has their characteristics; some maybe stable while others are unstable. A stable political environment requires different operational decisions from another stable political environment somewhere else. Under this, therefore, the utility and applicability of a theory are entirely dependent on the political climate under which the argument is considered applicable. Deconstruction also affects the applicability of the approach; this is the relationship between a particular text and its meaning. Under this, the definition of the theory differs in different contexts, under which the argument is being considered (Busch and Brigitta 2012). The cases, therefore, can appear to contradict itself under different circumstances which affect its applicability in the political arena. Actions have to be taken to ensure that effective leadership is achieved for the subject. To arrive at the right decision, there is a need to have a strategized choice which needs to be implemented. The mind of the politician trying to understand the political environment conforms to the object which in this case is the political environment. To come up with the right decision, therefore, the politicians need to understand and have knowledge about the political environment and not necessarily the theories developed trying to explain the situation. The political climate is subject to many changes some fortunate while others are unfortunate. However, all these changes cannot be predicted since they are beyond human being control, due to this they lack a theoretical base on which to argue them out. The politics are not only engraved on understanding and serving humanity. They also provide an actionable solution to other naturally caused problems; these problems require immediate reaction in most cases to counter or reduce the impacts. Reading and interpreting, therefore, are not enough to solve these problems and thus need to do away with the theories and adapting the actions offering the solutions. Measures have to be implemented to counter the changing political environment, the policies implemented ought to be kept updated to fit the current operational requirements. Some strategies become outdated as different scenarios change, the theoretical backup supporting these policies, therefore, lose on the magnitude and strength to be applied in future. (Morris and Rosalind 2007). Policies interpretation also is dependent on circumstances under which the policy is being interpreted; a policy text can be interpreted differently under two different scenarios. The subjectivity of the policy interpretation makes the supporting theoretical framework to be highly subjective. Decisions made from these policies, therefore, ought to analyse effectively to ensure that their subjectivity does not affect the subject being guided by these decisions. Politics is concerned with the creation of the law for its issues, some of these laws are not universally acceptable since they are developed under different jurisdictions. The culture under which the code is being developed acts as the theoretical framework guiding the creation of these laws, the created laws, however, have to be put into action for them to be followed. Economic theories about a nation’s economic status give the understanding of the current situation and their probable causes. However, these theories cannot be implemented on their own to provide the necessary solution required. Integration of different aspects of the economy and various stakeholders have to be effected to ensure effectiveness. Theories are created to discuss and explain the forces operating within the political arena politics, on the other hand, creates and shapes these forces. Implementation of the policy is, therefore, the primary function of the of the political class of a nation. The leadership is tasked with not only understanding the economic conditions of society but ensuring that these conditions match the required performance of the country.
Acting means using specific prior information and guidelines to come up with a solution to a particular issue. Reading, on the other hand, is interaction with the artwork with an objective of understanding the authors intent while developing the artwork. The reading method, however, can lead to a distorted meaning and understanding of the artwork. Barthes argues that the actual meaning of the text is based on the author’s baseness and explanation to the version. Understanding the context in the right way, therefore, is based on understanding the author’s intention when developing the content. Acting is based then on the readers understanding of the author’s work. Acting is a result of reading, and therefore the reading aspect guides the action to be taken. The best form of reading according to Barthes is the one that effectively governs the reader to receive the message intended by the author of the artwork. According to Barthes the readers, therefore, ought to separate the artwork from its developer to eliminate interpretive tyranny and avoid confusion when interpreting the artwork. Barthes notes that every written bit of writing contains multiple layers each with a different meaning (Voiklis, Cusimano, & Malle, 2014). To understand the whole context of the developed artwork, therefore, you must follow every bit of the artwork. The meaning of the text can also lie within the language used by the author or the impression the reader has towards the words used in the book. Barthes notes that it’s impossible to understand correctly what the author intended to mean with their writing. Acting is guided by the understanding of a particular theory based on the knowledge by the reader. Acting means, the Implementation of the ideas to fit into the expected outcomes. Acting, therefore, is based on knowledge about a particular phenomenon under consideration. Reading proceeds the acting part, this is because reading gives rise to the idea which ought to be implemented. Reading, however, doesn’t dictate the action to be taken by the reader. This is because different readers will undertake various activities based on their understanding. The right interpretation of the read text guides for the proper response to being conducted. Deconstruction, however, affects the meaning and understanding of different readers. Different readers, therefore, end up getting different information from the text leading. The difference in opinion is based on the difference in people’s perception of the text. Failure to understands the author’s intention during the development of the concept affects the readers understanding of the book. These two phenomena however aren’t dependent on each other. Reading and acquiring knowledge doesn’t necessarily mean that you will act based on the knowledge gained.
References
Voiklis, J., Cusimano, C., & Malle, B. (2014). A Social-Conceptual Map of Moral Criticism. Proceeding of 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1700-1705.
Morris, Rosalind C. ( 2007). “Legacies of Derrida: Anthropology”. Annual Review of Anthropology. 36 (1): 355–389.
Busch, Brigitta (2012). “The Linguistic Repertoire Revisited”. Applied Linguistics. pp. 503–523.
Esch, Solly, and Martin (2012). The Sociolinguistics of Language Education in International Contexts. Bern: Peter Lang. pp. 31–46.