NERVOUS SYSTEM 2
Organs with double innervation are organs with both the sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers of the autonomic nervous system on the left and the left side respectively. These fibers function differently with one functioning as a stimulator while the other one functions as an inhibitor to enhance the achievement of internal body balance (Won et al.2015). An example of an organ with dual innervation is the heart, the sympathetic fibers within the heart increase heart rate. The fiber action is a response to an environmental stimulus such as flight. Through increased heart rate the pumping of the blood is enhanced enabling an individual to respond effectively to the stimuli (Biglioli, et al. 2012. The parasympathetic on the right side of the heart have a function of reducing the heart rate, these fibers reduces the rate and thus enabling an individual to relax. These two set of fibers enhances the functionality of the heart in response to different stimuli.
There are four main plexuses of the nerves within the peripheral system of an organism which help in transmission of information to initiate response to environmental stimuli. These are; sacral- this plexus serves the lower region of the body such as, the feet, genital area, pelvic and the thigh. The second plexus is the Cervical, this serves the upper part like the head and the neck. The brachial plexus serves areas like the forearms and the chest. Lumbar plexus serves the lower part of the body such as the feet, genital area among other areas (Louis, et al. 2016).
The ear has got three layers which are; fibrous layer- protects the inner part of the eye, vascular layer-supply the inner component with oxygen and eliminate the waste product. The nervous layer is densely connected with the nervous system which facilitates vision.
The ear has three parts, the outer, middle and the inner ear. The outer ear provides body balance; the middle ear protects the inner ear. The inner ear has sound receptors which trap and transmits the sound to the brain for interpretation.
The taste structure is the tongue which enables an individual to differentiate the tastes; the smell structure is the nose which can differentiate different smells.
Failure to have operation ANS system would lead to some organs getting overworked and thus crushing. When the heart beats are not controlled the heart will eventually crush.
References
Biglioli, F., Colombo, V., Tarabbia, F., Pedrazzoli, M., Battista, V., Giovanditto, F., … & Frigerio, A. (2012). Double innervation in free-flap surgery for long-standing facial paralysis. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 65(10), 1343-1349.
Louis, D. N., Perry, A., Reifenberger, G., Von Deimling, A., Figarella-Branger, D., Cavenee, W. K., … & Ellison, D. W. (2016). The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta neuropathologica, 131(6), 803-820.
Won, S. Y., Cho, Y. H., Choi, Y. J., Favero, V., Woo, H. S., Chang, K. Y., … & Kim, H. J. (2015). Intramuscular innervation patterns of the brachialis muscle. Clinical Anatomy, 28(1), 123-127.