Opioids
Opioids are a group that affects the nervous system through the production of pain relief and pleasure feelings. Some opioids such as methadone, morphine, and codeine are legally prescribed by physicians, while opioids such as heroin are illegally abused. Opioids have an extreme ability to cause addiction to some individuals even when correctly taken as directed. Taking opioids for an extended period creates dependence because opioids alter the brain’s chemistry, leading to tolerance, which often negatively impacts personal and professional relations. Opioid-related addiction disorder can be lethal and severe since it produces life-threatening health complications, including overdose risks.
The diagnosis for opioid-related disorder requires a thorough assessment and evaluation by psychologists, psychiatrists, and licensed drug therapists. Several health professionals use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) criteria to diagnose opioid-related and addiction disorder.
Evidence shows that agonist treatment is the most reliable treatment of OUD, which is used for an indefinite period to retain patients in care and reduce the number of users.
According to the DSM 5 criteria individual that has the opioid-related and addiction disorder if they have the manifestation of two of the following symptoms; Opioids are taken in more extended periods or longer amounts than was planned. Unsuccessful effort or persistent desire to control or cut down opioids. A large amount of time used in activities of using the opioid, obtaining the opioid, and recovering from its effects. Intense craving or desire to use opioids. Failure to accomplish significant responsibilities at home, school, or work due to recurrent opioid use. Continuous use of opioids regardless of having tenacious or continued personal or social problems instigated by opioids’ effects. Important work-related, recreational and social events are reduced or given up because of opioid use. Situations where the recurrent use of an opioid is physically hazardous. Tolerance defined by diminished effects if the same amounts of opioids are used and an increase in the amount used to achieve desired results. Opioids are taken to avoid psychological and physical withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, diarrhea, and muscle cramping.
Various individuals are not equally vulnerable to the problematic patterns of opioid use, which leads to clinically significant distress or disorder.