Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is a behavioral disorder associated with anger and disobedience against the authority (Turner et al., 2018). Therefore, the pathophysiology of the disease includes the refusal to comply with requests, especially from adults. Since disobedience is one of the symptoms of ODD, a child may disregard the authority and reject any offer from adults. Besides, one may show an angry or irritable mood (Turner et al., 2018). This symptom is associated with becoming easily annoyed and losing temper unnecessarily. Additionally, the disorder results in one having a frequent argument with others, especially those in authority (Turner et al., 2018). Similarly, the affected person will deliberately annoy others or blame others for their misfortunes. Furthermore, ODD disrupts the healthy life of an individual. In children, the disorder will affect their social life and education since they are less likely to be associated with other people (Turner et al., 2018). This effect is a result of always questioning rules, seeking revenge, or upsetting others. The disorder may cause prolonged impulse control problems. Since a child is likely to live in a challenging state, they are likely to have difficulty controlling their behaviors and emotions towards others.
According to the DSM-5, the disorder may cause problems such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (Schroeder, Smith-Boydston, and American Psychiatric Association, 2018). This problem may result in low self-esteem or troubled relationships among those affected. Similarly, ODD leads to other behavioral issues such as anxiety and depression in children. The disruption in a child’s conduct may result in anxiety, especially when in crowded places. The behavior may escalate during the pre-school years of a child (Turner et al., 2018). Also, depression may occur from distress in the individual. Additionally, suicide attempts are associated with ODD. Since a child may feel unappreciated by the adults, they may think of suicide to end their predicament (Schroeder, Smith-Boydston, and American Psychiatric Association, 2018).
References
Schroeder, C. S., Smith-Boydston, J. M., & American Psychiatric Association. (2018). Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Turner, B. J., Hu, C., Villa, J. P., & Nock, M. K. (2018). Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder.