Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Explain the factors that affect fertility (STDs)
Infertility in females, especially a tubal infertility factor, has a concern to the public health sector globally. Most of these tubal infertilities are attributed to sexually transmitted diseases, which, on contraction, ascend the reproductive tracts, cause inflammation, damage, and scarring, which inhibits a woman from conceiving and therefore becoming infertile. According to Tsevat et al., 2018, STD pathogens, co-infections, and their interaction with host characteristics like Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis along the vaginal microbiome would affect a woman’s ability to conceive. The inflammatory effects cause a reddened cervix and a copious smelly discharge but do not modify the blood directly. This explains why the CBC-WBC, Hgb, Hct tests of the patient were within the normal range for an adult female.
Explain why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID
Inflammatory markers rise in STD and PID due to the colonization of the reproduction tract by a microorganism, mainly the endocervix region (Park et al., 2017). The inflammation occurs at any point in the reproductive system, which can be endometriotic, salpingitis, and peritonitis. When exposed to STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea and not treated, the individual is likely to develop the pelvic inflammatory disease. It causes severe damage to the uterus, the fallopian tubes, and uterus, leading to infertility.
Explain why prostatitis and infection happen. Also, explain the causes of systemic
Reaction
Prostatitis occurs as a result of the contamination of the prostate glands. The causes of this is an ascending infection in the urethra or also reflux of infected urine into the prostatic duct, which empties into the posterior urethra. The urethral bacteria can also be invaded by lymphopenias and hematogenous spread, which potentially causes prostatitis. Urinary Tract Infections also cause this prostatic secretion with a resultant excessive increase in several polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. A systemic reaction is caused by the spread of inflammation from one organ of the body to another.
Explain why a patient would need a splenectomy after a diagnosis of ITP
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a condition characterized by the destruction of platelets or the suppression of platelet production. It may be a primary disorder to be under the influence of an underlying disease that s connected to the blood in one way or another. The spleen plays a very significant role in ITP pathogenesis, where it acts as the primary site in which platelets are cleared. The anger also is responsible for anti-platelet antibody formation in the body, among the immune cells, and the storage of these antibodies for the longest time (Chaturvedi et al., 2018). Macrophages in the spleen provide antigenic peptides that are derived from platelet glycoproteins. This, therefore, explains why splenectomy is performed when one has been diagnosed with ITP to reduce platelet destruction and production. There is a racial difference in the occurrence of ITP, with Asian and Caucasian women recording higher preponderance, mild disease, and many auto-antibodies which relate to the development of ITP.
Explain anemia and the different kinds of anemia
Anemia is a condition in which an individual lacks enough red blood cells to supply oxygen adequately to all body parts (Turner et al., 2020). One example of anemia is the sickle cell anemia in which the red blood cells assume a sickle shape instead of the standard round shape. Aplastic anemia is a condition in which the body reduces the number of red blood cells being produced. Thalassemia is another type of anemia, inherited in which the body has less hemoglobin compared to normal ranges. Iron deficiency anemia is a result of less iron in the red blood cells, which reduced its capacity to carry oxygen. It is associated with chronic kidney disease, which is prevalent mostly in low income and middle-income countries.
References
Chaturvedi, S., Arnold, D. M., & McCrae, K. R. (2018). Splenectomy for immune thrombocytopenia: down but not out. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology, 131(11), 1172-1182.
Deirdre, L., & Church, M.D. (2017). Prostatitis. Antimicrobe. Retrieved from http://www.antimicrobe.org/e53.asp
Park, S. T., Lee, S. W., Kim, M. J., Kang, Y. M., Moon, H. M., & Rhim, C. C. (2017). Clinical characteristics of genital chlamydia infection in pelvic inflammatory disease. BMC women’s health, 17(1), 5.
Tsevat, D. G., Wiesenfeld, H. C., Parks, C., & Peipert, J. F. (2017). Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 216(1), 1-9.
Turner J, Parsi M, Badireddy M. (2020) Anemia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/