People in projects  

People in projects

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Introduction

Critical path analysis is a very useful methodology in construction projects. It leads to adequate recognition and management of risks. In this case, the risk score can be used to categorize risks based on their probability and intensity. This paper will also analyze the benefits construction owners derive from renovating constructions. For example, they can significantly reduce costs compared to new constructions.

Besides, the paper will discuss the Maslow hierarchy of needs and a case study to understand the benefits of workplace motivation.

1. A. Network diagram and critical path

A- represent Substantial repairs to the roof

F- Internal structural work

B-C Electrical work

C- Plumbing and Internal decoration

E- Electrical work and Installing a new bathroom

D- Fitting carpets and Change windows

G– Outside paintwork and Garden

1. Advantages of critical path analysis

Critical path analysis (CPA) is a technique utilized to determine the scheduling of project activities. It will help in the proper prediction of the duration of the work, hence result-oriented budgeting. In this regard, CPA underlies the standard time required to execute the project to its completion. According to the Project Management Institute (2013), CPA has been used by most qualified project managers to effectively identify critical activities and determine the minimum duration required to complete a project. In its consideration, construction projects are better managed by the CPA.  Project management requires the organization of project activities through skills, knowledge, and appropriate techniques (Soe & Htike, 2018). The approach has offered manages better decision-making frameworks and considerable benefits. Therefore, the advantages of CPA can be categorized as;

1. Reduced timelines. The visualization in the critical path method offers a clear recognition of task duration and sequences. For example, activities in the construction projects have been well illustrated using CPA. The project manager can make modification and rearrangement regarding tasks depending on the situation. Moreover, an appropriate project team can be assigned tasks depending on their skills.
2. Adequate resource management. CPA provides a clearer direction on how projects can be completed.  For instance, what comes next after a certain project is completed. Proper scheduling removes competing priorities and lack of appropriate direction. Each member of the team is aware of their requirements and the project manager can allocate resources.
3. Helps in better planning. CPA helps in comparing the panned progress with the actual outcome of the project(Davalu, et.al 2019). It can properly identify the already completed tasks and predict the duration that the remaining tasks. Also, it can help in determining the resource requirements for future tasks. The comparison can help in budget allocation.
4. CPA can improve the collaboration of team members and motivating them towards achieving the desired goals. It is because the tasks are simplified and clearly defined and matched with the workers’ skills.
5. CPA also provides a practical basis for determining how to reach the construction objectives. The project manager must clearly define the project goals and utilize the technique of inappropriate management of resources.
6. Using two workers to complete the project

The construction project requires 6 weeks to be completed within the budget. Therefore, 2 workers working 5 days a week will require 30 days to complete all the tasks.  It is important to allocate the tasks to each worker according to the skills. The table below represents the allocation of tasks to each worker.

From the presentation, worker 1 will require 25 days to complete the project while worker 2 will require 23 days.  These are below the 30 days required to complete the whole project. It is also important to note that the project will be completed within the owner’s budget requirements. This validates the idea of using two workers to complete the project.

2. A. Risks relevant to the project

Construction projects occur in a multifaceted and dynamic environment resulting in high instances to risk exposure. Due to technological changes, the concepts applied in the construction industry have changed over time. Moreover, regulation in the real estate sector has been heightened since construction is mainly driven by the private sector (Jayasudha & Vidivelli, 2016).  The industry is vulnerable to diverse business and technical risks with devastating effects as compared to traditional risks. Therefore, an adequate risk assessment is desired. Risk assessment is a useful tool that identifies and manages risks in the construction industry (Mhetre, Konnur & Landage, 2016). In this regard, the following are some construction risks that require adequate risk mitigation measures.

1. Environment risks. This risk is associated with environmental concerns and problems besides the activities that impact the project during its execution. In this case, natural calamities such as poor weather conditions can be cited.
2. Risk of delays. Delays in availing construction materials necessary to complete the project can hamper its successful completion (Trojanowska & Dostatni, 2017). It can increase the project duration, hence increasing the budget.
3. Safety risks. The workers may not be competent to handle all the machines required for the project. Injuries and accidents may stall the project due to insufficient labour. Many resources may be used in dealing with injuries than those that should be used towards servicing project phases.
4. Technological risks. The issues are concerned with materials and approaches used for the delivery of the project. Modern projects require the use of modern technology and skilled labour force with the necessary knowledge.
5. Operation risks. The risk relates to the actual execution of the project and other operations that lead to successful completion. Different processes should be completed competently for quality results.

1. Deriving risk scores

It is important for the project manager to effectively identify risks and categorize them depending on probability and intensity. This will aid in adequately utilizing resources for risk management depending on priorities. To this effect, the risk scorecard reflects the intensity of risks owing to the internal and external conditions of the construction environment. According to Sanni-Anibire, et.al (2020) a risk score is determined by multiplying the probability of risk by the impacts. A risk score matrix can be used to assess the degree of risks. Risks can be categorized as under low, medium, and high, this will follow with the risk score. It is worth noting that for the score, the value above three represents a high score. The risk identified in this project can be classified using the following table.

Calculation of the risk score

Environmental risk is one since the probability of its occurrence is low with a low impact. The location of the building can be secure not to be affected by this risk. Delay risk is medially probable with a medium impact, therefore, it is assigned a high score. The project manager needs to organize all the materials, including the two workers, which may take time.  Safety is a highly probable risk. Mistakes are unavoidable even with skilled labour. A small mistake can lead to derailing in achieving the project objectives. Technological risk is high since the owner works with a budget. In this case, the project manager may be forced to procure substandard material. The final risk is the operational risk that has low probability but high intensity. In case the project manager does not take control of the project from the beginning, it cannot proceed successfully.

1. Opportunities available in construction projects

Renovation of the new building through the use of new modern materials and approaches are a better alternative to the new building (Kamari, Corrao & Kirkegaard, 2017). Refurbished buildings help in creating new space while at the same time bringing the building up to standard with the latest technology. There are several reasons for renovating a new building, among them enhancing a better indoor climate and living comfort. Also, Aigwi, at al. (2018) noted that the building owner saves on cost that would otherwise be used for the construction of new spaces after renovating buildings. When additional space is required, modification of the existing building can be a financially sound decision. Other benefits can include;

1. New appearance. The renovated building gives it a new look. When both the interior and exterior components of the building are renovated, the constructions become attractive. Therefore, it stands out when newly painted.
2. Creating of new investment. A renovated building is a form of investment to the owner of the building (Mangold, at.al, 2018). Since the construction of a new building comes with new costs, the used resources are factored into the final value of the construction. Therefore, the building will have high value than its initial condition.
3. Reduction of cost. A renovated building requires less cost than building new construction. The owner of the house and project managers should adequately plan for resources such that they utilize minimum cost when constructing the building.
4. Financials benefits. Cities have finances available for owners who renovate their buildings. Owners can take advantage of this opportunity to invest in renovation. Besides, there are additional incentives and property tax reliefs to renovate the older building into new ones.
5. When the construction is located in a densely located area, renovation becomes the best option. Renovated buildings in cities are more preferred by investors.
6. A. Motivational theory

Herzberg Motivation Theory

Herzberg’s motivation can be used to explain Kevin’s condition. The theory underlying the Maslow hierarchy of needs identified five motivational factors. According to Thiagaraj & Thangaswamy, (2017), Herzberg positioned that factors for job satisfaction are opposite to those that cause dissatisfaction. After conducting a study, he found out that what motivates people is what they do and what demotivates them is how they are treated.  What motivates employees at work cannot be those factors that demotivate them. Based on the analysis, Herzberg established motivators and hygiene factors (Ozsoy, 2019). In this case, the former leads to short term job satisfaction while later to long-term satisfaction.

The Motivators

The factors are also called satisfiers. They lead to work satisfaction by altering the nature of work. These factors challenges motivate an employee and managers to develop their talents and fulfill their employment (Hur, 2018). For example, a delegation of duties provides an adequate learning environment. At this point, it is worth noting that motivators come from inner feelings. Besides learning opportunities, career advancement can motivate an individual to achieve more within the company. These factors increase the satisfaction level but are of a source of dissatisfaction when absent.

Hygiene Factors

The lack of hygiene factors causes job dissatisfaction (Alshmemri, et.al, 2017).  For example, besides salaries and wages, employees must feel recognized within the team. Job satisfaction is achieved d when hygiene factors are highly maintained.

Therefore, in the case of Kevin, both motivators and hygiene factors play a significant role Kevin is dissatisfied with the job since he is not recognized by the colleagues. Probably, his instructions are not taken seriously, hence a feeling of insubordination. Kevin seems not to get along with his co-workers. Therefore, he cannot effectively collaborate with them to achieve the organizational objectives. The project manager should take advantage of the motivators to improve his satisfaction level. For instance, creating a learning environment for the team enhances effective collaboration.

Case example.

John is a senior employee at the United Company.  His performances are extraordinary and are much adored by the CEO due to his contribution to profitability.  John receives bonuses and other allowances, hence receiving a high paycheck. However, his interaction with co-workers is questionably wanting. Besides, there are reports of disputes in his relationship with the family and the general community. He has low social interaction.

Explanation

John’s case can be explained by using Herzberg’s motivational theory. His motivational factors are mainly allowances and huge salary pay.  This makes him work hard to improve the profitability of the company. Conversely, he is demotivated by his inability to fit within the workplace and society in terms of socialization. Therefore, the management should organize more team building events that provide socialization platform for John. Moreover, there should be a constant workshop that should require full participation.

Ways in which Kevin may be motivated

Kevin needs to have more time to understand the team. All the team members need to adequately collaborate in achieving the goals of the organization. When Kevin is dissatisfied, this translates to his juniors thus affecting productivity. Senior may more often impose difficult tasks on the juniors leading to resistance, thus conflict in the workplace.  Moreover, dealing with conflict in an organization stresses on other resources. Sivaranjani, (2020) noted that organizational conflicts can worsen the relationship between members of a team. Therefore, it needs adequate management. For example, the project manager should hold a talking session with Kevin to remind him of the values of the company and the benefits of associating well with the co-worker. Also, team building sessions can significantly improve the team’s collaboration.

Conclusion

CPA can significantly decrease the construction risks. In this regard, it leads to adequate scheduling of projects. An adequate CPA leads to the management of risks like environmental, safety, and financial risks. The entire project needs effective collaboration between the team members until its completion. For example, they need to fully participate in developing a risk score that will inform on risks that need critical attention. The manager can then plan on risk mitigation measures based on their probability and intensity.  To this end, it is also worth noting that property values increase when renovated. Building owners should, therefore, consider a renovation to new constructions. Also, the paper has discussed the importance of motivation in the workplace. Project managers must assess the needs of employees through appropriate theories like Herzberg Motivation Theory and strive to satisfy them. This can enhance team efforts, hence productivity.

Motivators

Motivators, or satisfiers, are those factors that cause feelings of satisfaction at work. These factors

motivate by changing the nature of the work. They challenge a person to develop their talents and

fulfill their potential.  For example adding responsibility to work and providing learning

opportunities to a person to work at a  higher level can lead to a positive performance growth  in

every task a person is expected to do if the possible poor results are related to boredom of the task

they  are  supposed  to  accomplish.  Motivators  are  those  that  come  from  intrinsic  feelings.  In

addition to  responsibility and learning opportunities also recognition, achievement, advancement

and  growth  are  motivation  factors.  These  factors  don’t  dissatisfy  if  they  are  not  present  but  by

giving  value  to  these,  satisfaction  level  of  the  employees  is  most  probably  going  to  grow.

(Bogardus 2007, 34) When hygiene factors are maintained, dissatisfaction can be avoided. When,

on the other hand, dissatisfaction is most probable to occur, motivation can’t take place

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