To what extent was the US-Northern Alliance victory over the Taliban in Afghanistan (October-November 2001) a product of overwhelming military supremacy over its adversary?
Table of contents
Background 3
Military supremacy as an impact of electoral prospects in future 4
Unwillingness to provide evidences 5
Absence of a proper governing body in Afghanistan 6
Military supremacy for eliminating terrorist organizations for increasing supremacy among oil rich states 7
War on information, a major prospect 9
International Security Assistance Force 11
Media and communication support for the forces 12
Civilian cooperation as an important factor in establishing military supremacy 13
Air strikes as an important factor 14
Background
Overwhelming military supremacy has been an important part of almost every major operation which has been carried out at larger scales. The allied forces of United States and its northern alliances were highly driven by stiff and operationally feasible regulatory means which enabled tough decision making process. In 2001, the accountability of Taliban fighters in different regions of Afghanistan was a after effect of what happened in Iraq. The terrorist attack in September 2001 made a proper basis upon which the United States and its alliances can declare a head to head war against Taliban which was currently controlling around 90% of the total area all around Afghanistan. This attack built an image which resulted in defamation of different Middle East provinces as an important driver in the global scenario of terrorism related issues. The leaders as well as the common people were very harshly affected by this incidence and this led to establishment of a major war on terrorism in Afghanistan Colley, Lucas. “Clear, hold, build: the evolution of counterinsurgency (COIN) for the British Army in Afghanistan, 2001-2014.” (2015).
. The military operations all around Taliban occupied venues were continuously in play which led to an increased importance of the military in overall scenario. The supremacy of military was also a result of wide scaled malfunctions which were being carried out in different parts if the country by Taliban. It is not that the United States and its alliances were not keen in building a proper administration based operations against Taliban but with increased tactical requirements and field operations made strong military a major and compulsory requirement for these allied forces. In the year 2001 while the United States political administration was eager to cooperate on several terms which included handing over of major terrorist leaders like Osama Bin Laden and many others, the criteria which were produced in front of them were very harsh. This also explains the failure of peaceful administrative operations in Afghanistan Łaciński, Piotr. “Normalization of US-Cuban Relations: Obama Doctrine and International Security in the Western Hemisphere.” Securitologia 2 (22) (2015): 5-16.
. The growing lack of compatibility between both the United States administration as well as the Taliban led to involvement of strict military operations which eventually transformed in to a military supremacy based practice. In order to destroy the terrorist activities which were operational in this area a series of operations were required to be carried out and these also included maximum amount of independence to the operating forces all around the management of this initiative. The following intervening period is a major process in rectifying the United States policy framework and management of its foreign policies all around the Middle East Shaughnessy, Joshua. “Winning the war at home: stability operations strategy for homeland security.” PhD diss., Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2016.
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Military supremacy as an impact of electoral prospects in future
The attacks of 9/11 were a proven means which could elaborate the operations in Afghanistan up to a larger extent. The actions taken were in some or the other way related to future electoral outcomes for the present government. By this time opinion from the common people was playing a major role in specifying the directions and the anger among common population demanded strict initiatives to punish the culprits. This led to a situation were the existing government didn’t have a choice but to retaliate the operations with great interest. In addition to this, the occurrence of various terrorist attacks in different regions also occurred as an important process to justify the type of action people wanted from the existing government Wilson, Kyle. AMERICA’S BASE NETWORK: CREDIBLE DETERRENCE. AIR WAR COLLEGE MAXWELL AFB United States, 2017.
. The consolation associated among common people was largely disturbed with the acceptance of a wide angled initiative and that too for a long duration of time. In order to justify the anger and frustration which the common people were facing, strengthened military operations were the only possible solution. Also, the instability in the Afghani regions also hindered a proper peace talk as the only power which was operational in this area was a solid military setup which was named as Taliban. Another major factor which was largely responsible for these operations was the historical involvement of United States in Afghanistan Shorr, Geoffrey M. Convergence And Exploitation: Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism And The Threat To America. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT RI JOINT MILITARY OPERATIONS DEPT, 2015.
. The United States was largely associated with a string of issues like production of heroin in Afghanistan and the support which it provided to decrease the hold of Soviet dominance over the Asian oil resources. A strict military operation was more of a need for the United States and its alliances as it was aimed to establish a major control on the resourceful as well as terrorist based country Brown, Jason P. THE NORTHERN BORDER A FORGOTTEN NATIONAL SECURITY THREAT. AIR WAR COLLEGE MAXWELL AFB United States, 2017.
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Unwillingness to provide evidences
After the conclusion or the obligations made on Afghanistan as an important hideout for several global terrorist leaders, the country wanted some strict actions. But in order to cooperate, the Afghanistan based authorities demanded some full proof evidences which the United States was unable or unwilling to produce. This aspect was a major issue for the United States government as it wanted quick responses in terms of its acquaintance in the country Satana, Nil, and Tijen Demirel-Pegg. “Military Counterterrorism Measures, Civil-Military Relations and Democracy: The Cases Of Turkey and The US.” (2020).
. The failing initiatives from both the sides were an important part of enforcing strict military operations and coordination all around the process. Both the governments were unable to provide appropriate justifications in support of their interest. This led to an end of talks and meetings and provided a perfect ground for the war. The United States agencies and government were keen in eliminating terrorist organizations along with their leaders to frame the accountability of forces in achieving it. This unwilling attitude of the United States was incorporated with some of the most important interventions. One out of these interventions relates this action as a result of strong military availability and support. The government of United States was well aware of their military supremacy over the Taliban and thus they were assured with the winning results which would frame the development of Afghanistan Wayne, Earl Anthony, and Arturo Sarukhan. Towards a North American Foreign Policy Footprint. Wilson Center, Mexico Institute, 2017.
. At that point of time the Taliban forces were a group of unorganized individuals who were not at all ready for a foreign invasion and that too from a country like the United States Keravuori, Rose P. “Expansibility and Army Intelligence.” Parameters 47, no. 4 (2017): 97-106.
. The rejection of evidence based investigation by United States government was an important reflection of their readiness in conducting any military operation against the state of Afghanistan. This shows the amount of supremacy which is related to this kind of forces.
Absence of a proper governing body in Afghanistan
By the year 2001, around 90% of the provinces in Afghanistan were under the influence of Taliban and they were operation as a governing body all around the country. This implicates that the decisions and executions which were carried out at that point of time were highly influenced by the Taliban forces or militants Cardoso, Nilton César Fernandes. “REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE HORN OF AFRICA: CONFLICTS, AGENDAS AND THREATS.” BRAZILIAN JOURNAL 1, no. 2 (2016): 131.
. This led to the absence of a major interacting perspective between the Northern alliances and the Afghani government. The Afghani government had a very scarce control on the initiatives and operations carried out in the country and thus the only way to tackle the unconventional scenario for the United States and its alliances was to declare a strict military operation throughout the country. In addition to this, the United States forces were also supported by some of the major superpowers such as United Kingdom. This made the United States forces highly powerful and also enhanced its decision making possibilities up to a larger extent. The decision making process over this war was largely influenced by the fact to irradiate the terrorist organizations and execute their leaders. It required a huge physical as well as informational base and consequently led to the strengthening of forces Thomas, Troy. “Special Assistant to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), Office of the CJCS (OCJCS) troy. thomas@ js. pentagon. mil.” Countering Violent Extremism(2015): 189.
. The strengthening process was so wide angled that is provided some additional rights and responsibilities for the forces which are ultimately termed as military supremacy. The applied military supremacy is also termed as the ability for forces to tackle intense situations and in majority of the cases it has been observed as an important player for successful results. The failed communication between the two governments are a big issue in development of war and in Afghanistan it was being carried out at a much more wider scale due to the absence of any proper authorization or governance. The formulation of policies were also largely influenced by failed communication initiatives from both the sides and ultimately led to different interventions for military supremacy. This also led to the falling of people’s belief in the local government and thus they were guided to support the United States invasion of Afghanistan. This also helps the United States military to conduct search operations and raids which were highly beneficial for eliminating major Taliban leaders and groups Walsh, Andrew V. Information Sharing between the US Department State and the US Army: Using Knowledge Management Technology and Tools to Bridge the Gap. ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE FORT LEAVENWORTH KS, 2015.
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Military supremacy for eliminating terrorist organizations for increasing supremacy among oil rich states
This is another major factor which justifies the operations which were carried out in Afghanistan by the United States alliances. The attacks undertaken at New York and the Pentagon as a major reason for formulating the analysis of this war was one prominent reason but there are some other supporting aspects which justify the United States invasion of Afghanistan as a major initiative to get access of rich oil based resources Gormley, Dennis M. The offense/defense problem: How missile defense and conventional precision-guided weapons can complicate further deep cuts in nuclear weapons. Deep Cuts Working Paper, http://deepcuts. org/images/PDF/DeepCuts_WP6_Gormley_UK. pdf, 2016.
. Both of these interventions are of great importance as they provide validating results formation. The operational accountability which is assessed by these two operating models is also mixed in terms of reaction. In addition to this, the political as well as social context for operation in this scenario were quite mixed and composed with a string of military led interventions. Another major factor which is justified with availability of a proper military supremacy based operation is its adaptability with one of the most adverse situations on ground level. The rights and opportunities for United States forces were largely modulated which provided them with absolute authority and management goals for establishment of a control over the Taliban. In addition to this, the Taliban was not an authorized governing body which was controlling the operations in Afghanistan but it was a powerful military establishment which was forced upon people of Afghanistan. This provided a narrow prospect for any advisory or political approach for the solution finding process Broyles, Craig A. Militarized Maneuver Terrorism. ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE FORT LEAVENWORTH KS, 2015.
. The absence of a governmental support and any authorized governance the conditions of superiority in military was only one way which could justify the power retaining process all around Afghanistan.
In general words it can be said that the war between Afghanistan and United States allied force was not at all an even competition. As the war was not justified the same concept holds true for the victory of United States and its Northern alliances as the difference between Taliban and Northern allied forces were huge. On the one hand United States was equipped with well trained and well equipped forces and on the other hand Taliban was a rebel organization at that time. The fighters of Taliban were low in terms of war skills and training abilities. In addition to this, the accountability which was related to the acceptance of this war was also not justified as there were very less stages which determine a perfect analysis between the two opposite forces. The technological assistance for Taliban fighters was also very limited and that is a major reason which facilitated a major win for the United States forces. The accountability which any army has in these situations is comparatively high and this needs a much more assessed information based analysis for development. The war costs for the two involving aides were largely different which eventually led to a situation were the Taliban was wricked and crippled to flee from their responsibilities. In addition to this, Taliban also lacked from its contemporary in terms of expenses and military management. On the other side a combined approach developed for the United States were more widely analysed and the government was eager to produce major results in terms of military operations and thus resources were put in accordance Soesanto, Stefan. “US missile defense in the age of everything: From BMDS to IAMD.” Issues & Insights 16, no. 6 (2016).
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The military supremacy of United States and its alliances can be justified with the operational accountancy of different advanced operations which it carried out in Afghanistan. During the initial stages of the war, the allied forces were using drones and other technologically advanced features for eliminating its enemy and on contrary of this, the Taliban forces were unaware of these technology driven operations and were dependent on its primitive ways for counter attacks. This illustrates the major difference which was in practice all along the war. Association of cruise missiles and laser guided bombs were some of the most influential interventions which carried out in order to facilitate the operational accountability of this step. The Taliban was very loosely enacted with any military advancement and was armed at regular standards which made it a very biased situation for the war.
War on information, a major prospect
Apart from the overwhelming firepower, the United States and its alliances are also far more developed and advanced from its contemporary Taliban. Information and communication management is a vital player in the overall development and strengthening of a military operation. It provides an added advantage to the operations by incorporating correct analysis through secure information transmission. The battlefield is a free zone and thus precautionary measures are the main accomplishments which are addressed to be calculated and analysed for a better cooperation among involved individuals. The different segments of forces also require a wider and dependable mechanism that can utilize the accountability to relay upon and complete tasks accordingly Szayna, Thomas S., Paul Dreyer, Derek Eaton, and Lisa Saum-Manning. “Army global basing posture.” An analytic framework for maximizing responsiveness and effectiveness. RAND Corporation. Santa Monica (2015).
. The availability of advanced operations in communication security and tracking possibilities the United States forces were able to manage a strengthening objective that is t largest control for any major development in military. On the other hand, the Taliban was not at all in competition with the information war initiated by United States. It was largely lacking in the development and management of a justified communication channel which can transmit information through a secure platform. The initiatives related to improved information gathering and propagation was a major reason behind the success of military raids and drone attacks done by the United States forces. The availability of information also helped in increasing the impact made by an attack through many folds as it helps in managing the risks of failure and missing obligations related to any attack. The United States forces were far ahead the communication strategies and information collection process used by Taliban and thus was able to track them with ease and then execute them. These factors also help in contribution the military supremacy of the United States and its alliances over Taliban. In addition to this, the practices which were used by Taliban forces to include the civil population under their influence were also caught and restricted which helped the United States forces to have a better support from the civil population of Afghanistan Jensen, Eric Talbot. “Presidential Pronouncements of Customary International Law as an Alternative to the Senate’s Advice and Consent.” BYU L. Rev. (2015): 1525.
. Taliban used internet, FM transmissions and coded notes to indulge the common population with their ideology for opposing the United States forces. The United States intelligence forces were able to track down the proceedings and have a positive influence on the local population. Strategic communication and psychological operations are two major aspects which are related to the proper development of a successful war campaign.
International Security Assistance Force
In December 2001, the United Nations initiated the formation of international security assistance force to incorporate with the developing aspects of terrorism in Afghanistan. This initiative was an added factor which helped the United States forces as well as the Northern alliances in their war against terrorism in Afghanistan Clees, Michael R. Combating paramilitary terrorism on the homefront: an examination of capabilities and limitations of US response forces. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, 2015.
. The formation of this segment was also a turning point for the war as initially it was only supported by some of the major countries but with the inclusion of United Nations and its intractability by providing a task force, the United States forces were highly profited. The overall strength for this operation in context of the major existing perspectives was largely benefited and the condition of allied forces against Taliban went from good to best Shanahan, John N., Terrence J. O’Shaughnessy, Michael E. O’Hanlon, and Michael E. McInerney. Joint Force Quarterly. Issue 90, 3rd Quarter. National Defense University Washington United States, 2018.
. On the other hand, increased interruptions and lack of resources degraded the overall military capabilities for the Taliban forces which at the end led to their loosing the war. In addition to the outer support for establishing strong United States forces hold in the respective area, the interim authorities in Afghanistan were also a major contribution for the defeat of Taliban. It was helpful in managing local resources and restricting the involvement of civilians with the Taliban forces. Another major factor which acted as a major strengthening perspective for the process of United States invasion of Afghanistan is its association with the various operational bodies related to United Nations. It led to the development of a better relationship between the local population as well as the government and the United States forces. This helped in elimination of Taliban up to a large extent.
The Taliban forces were also lacking basic facilities and knowledge required to facilitate a major operation like this and this was a huge reason for large amount of casualties on their side. This also acted as a major lacking perspective for them to cooperate and initialize the production of managerial implications all around the war situation. In addition to this, the unavailability of significant amount of training and development for these forces were additional disadvantage. The incompetency of Taliban can be constructed on the basis of the fact that the geographical and demographic facilities available in Afghanistan were very unfavourable for the United States forces and its alliances but even with the availability of this disadvantageous situation they were able to defeat the Taliban forces. Improvised military operations and combined control over the technologies were a major reason for this accomplishment. There were different set of issues for the Taliban forces in order to compete with their counter opponents who made their effectiveness a less significant approach and a means to manage and organize the process accomplishments.
Media and communication support for the forces
The United States forces and their various correspondents were highly benefited with the availability of a strong media support in portraying the success of their forces in different perceptions. Not only the United States media houses but the operation varied out by United States forces in Afghanistan were being praised all over the world which had a major emotional strength development formula for the forces. This initiatives were largely absent from the Taliban point of view. In fact majority of the Afghanistan based news and media operations are focussed with international viewers and thus acts no way through the benefits of Taliban forces. The initiatives of United States forces were provided a better context by the main stream media operations which helped them get a moral support for successful conduction of war operations. This indicates a much more helpful scenario for the United States forces and the Northern alliances Robert Kehler, C., Herbert Lin, and Michael Sulmeyer. “Rules of engagement for cyberspace operations: a view from the USA.” Journal of Cybersecurity 3, no. 1 (2017).
. The provided context is also in many ways important in reconstructing the decision making principles for the ongoing war. The war was being portrayed in different context apart from what was actually happening over there. The widespread support for Allied forces became their major strength in fighting the Taliban and achieving what is good for the common people of Afghanistan.
Civilian cooperation as an important factor in establishing military supremacy
One if the biggest reasons for the lack of support among different sections of the social establishment in Afghanistan for their domestic forces of Taliban against the foreign forces was Taliban’s civil operations for justifying their hold. The year of 2001 viewed a series of incidences which included suicidal attacks at public places and mass execution of the civilian population by the Taliban forces. These actions were the milestones which constructed a great amount of support for the foreign forces and a sense of hatred for the Taliban. It is a widely accepted fact that there are several set of dependent and independent advantages which are operated all along the civilian support in a geographical area. In addition to the physical support, availability of motivational support is also a major strengthening factor for the armed forces. In the case if Taliban this support was initially there but with the inclusion of civil hampering activities in its operations it became extinct Anastasio, Michael, Christopher Day, Eric Evans, Craig Fields, James Gosler, Miriam John, Anita Jones et al. Seven Defense Priorities for the New Administration. DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD WASHINGTON DC WASHINGTON DC United States, 2016.
. The development of this situation was a major advantage for the United States forces in establishing better relationships with the local personals and countering the Taliban initiatives for the war. In all of the major wars and battles which are fought at any point of time, the civil cooperation has played an important role and thus its absence in this scenario was proven to be an important initiative for managing the results. In addition to this, the United States and Northern Alliances were also keen in providing the required set of basic facilities like food and medicine for the local population which also acted as a major contribution in the strengthening of allied forces in Afghanistan O’Mahony, Angela, Thomas S. Szayna, Christopher G. Pernin, Laurinda L. Rohn, Derek Eaton, Elizabeth Bodine-Baron, Joshua Mendelsohn et al. The Global Landpower Network: Recommendations for Strengthening Army Engagement. No. RR-1813-A. RAND ARROYO CENTER SANTA MONICA CA SANTA MONICA United States, 2017.
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Air strikes as an important factor
Initially, before the commencement of any counter attack the United States forces used to conduct air strikes for dissolving major objectives of Taliban. This initiative helped the United States and Northern Alliances to ensure the minimum chances of counter attacks and justify its raids in an effecient manner. Air strikes are one of the most powerful operations which can guide the development of a war result in its favour. It was a major advantage for the United States forces as the Taliban by that time were unable to cope with it and escape unhurt. An air strike by the Northern allied forces means high amount of damage for the Taliban which resulted in their weakness Miklaucic, Michael. Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction. National Defense University Fort Lesley, J. McNair, Washington United States, 2018.
. These air striking operations were also not tractable by their available set of information technology and the only way to get away with this was to save their lives by hiding a more secure places. It is a major factor which plays a significant role in development of a United States favourable scenario. These air strikes were started in October, 2001 and continued by then in order to resist the expansion of Taliban in terms of territories and area under control. This information driven process of attacking enemy was largely absent among the Taliban and thus provided a weak framework for operation. Air strikes are also considered as the basic factor which caused the Taliban a huge impact negatively. It was the most influential step incorporated by the United States forces in order to conduct mass removal of Taliban fighters from the unconventional spots. Along with all the other initiatives, this was also highly important factor in reflecting the superiority of US- Northern Alliances over the Taliban Kehler, Robert, Herbert Lin, and Michael Sulmeyer. “Rules of Engagement for Cyberspace Operations: A View from the United States.” Journal of Cybersecurity 3, no. 1 (2017).
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There were different strings which played an important role in justifying the victory of United States forces and the Northern alliances over the Taliban and supreme military power was one of them. These fields were concluded as important milestone for developing chances for assessed victory in the availed war situations. There are a string of conclusions which can be constructed from this analysis and the most important one which refers military supremacy as a major driving force behind the victory of United States and Northern Alliance victory over Taliban in 2001. The essay justifies impact and causes of military supremacy over Taliban with assessment of information available. It also justifies the strength which United States forces accomplished with the availability of advanced technologies and development oriented army operations all around the war. The essay concludes both the first hand assessment factors as well as the dependent factors which justify the superiority of United States and Northern Alliances over the Taliban forces. Up to a major extent the sound technicality, artillery and information management interventions were a major reason for this victory. The military operations related to United States and Northern Alliances were far better than the one which were in practice for its adversary.
References:
Anastasio, Michael, Christopher Day, Eric Evans, Craig Fields, James Gosler, Miriam John, Anita Jones et al. Seven Defense Priorities for the New Administration. DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD WASHINGTON DC WASHINGTON DC United States, 2016.
Brown, Jason P. THE NORTHERN BORDER A FORGOTTEN NATIONAL SECURITY THREAT. AIR WAR COLLEGE MAXWELL AFB United States, 2017.
Broyles, Craig A. Militarized Maneuver Terrorism. ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE FORT LEAVENWORTH KS, 2015.
Cardoso, Nilton César Fernandes. “REGIONAL SECURITY IN THE HORN OF AFRICA: CONFLICTS, AGENDAS AND THREATS.” BRAZILIAN JOURNAL 1, no. 2 (2016): 131.
Clees, Michael R. Combating paramilitary terrorism on the homefront: an examination of capabilities and limitations of US response forces. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, 2015.
Colley, Lucas. “Clear, hold, build: the evolution of counterinsurgency (COIN) for the British Army in Afghanistan, 2001-2014.” (2015).
Gormley, Dennis M. The offense/defense problem: How missile defense and conventional precision-guided weapons can complicate further deep cuts in nuclear weapons. Deep Cuts Working Paper, http://deepcuts. org/images/PDF/DeepCuts_WP6_Gormley_UK. pdf, 2016.
Jensen, Eric Talbot. “Presidential Pronouncements of Customary International Law as an Alternative to the Senate’s Advice and Consent.” BYU L. Rev. (2015): 1525.
Kehler, Robert, Herbert Lin, and Michael Sulmeyer. “Rules of Engagement for Cyberspace Operations: A View from the United States.” Journal of Cybersecurity 3, no. 1 (2017).
Keravuori, Rose P. “Expansibility and Army Intelligence.” Parameters 47, no. 4 (2017): 97-106.
Łaciński, Piotr. “Normalization of US-Cuban Relations: Obama Doctrine and International Security in the Western Hemisphere.” Securitologia 2 (22) (2015): 5-16.
Miklaucic, Michael. Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction. National Defense University Fort Lesley, J. McNair, Washington United States, 2018.
O’Mahony, Angela, Thomas S. Szayna, Christopher G. Pernin, Laurinda L. Rohn, Derek Eaton, Elizabeth Bodine-Baron, Joshua Mendelsohn et al. The Global Landpower Network: Recommendations for Strengthening Army Engagement. No. RR-1813-A. RAND ARROYO CENTER SANTA MONICA CA SANTA MONICA United States, 2017.
Robert Kehler, C., Herbert Lin, and Michael Sulmeyer. “Rules of engagement for cyberspace operations: a view from the USA.” Journal of Cybersecurity 3, no. 1 (2017).
Satana, Nil, and Tijen Demirel-Pegg. “Military Counterterrorism Measures, Civil-Military Relations and Democracy: The Cases Of Turkey and The US.” (2020).
Shanahan, John N., Terrence J. O’Shaughnessy, Michael E. O’Hanlon, and Michael E. McInerney. Joint Force Quarterly. Issue 90, 3rd Quarter. National Defense University Washington United States, 2018.
Shaughnessy, Joshua. “Winning the war at home: stability operations strategy for homeland security.” PhD diss., Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2016.
Shorr, Geoffrey M. Convergence And Exploitation: Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism And The Threat To America. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT RI JOINT MILITARY OPERATIONS DEPT, 2015.
Soesanto, Stefan. “US missile defense in the age of everything: From BMDS to IAMD.” Issues & Insights 16, no. 6 (2016).
Szayna, Thomas S., Paul Dreyer, Derek Eaton, and Lisa Saum-Manning. “Army global basing posture.” An analytic framework for maximizing responsiveness and effectiveness. RAND Corporation. Santa Monica (2015).
Thomas, Troy. “Special Assistant to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), Office of the CJCS (OCJCS) troy. thomas@ js. pentagon. mil.” Countering Violent Extremism(2015): 189.
Walsh, Andrew V. Information Sharing between the US Department State and the US Army: Using Knowledge Management Technology and Tools to Bridge the Gap. ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE FORT LEAVENWORTH KS, 2015.
Wayne, Earl Anthony, and Arturo Sarukhan. Towards a North American Foreign Policy Footprint. Wilson Center, Mexico Institute, 2017.
Wilson, Kyle. AMERICA’S BASE NETWORK: CREDIBLE DETERRENCE. AIR WAR COLLEGE MAXWELL AFB United States, 2017.