TYPE 2 Diabetes Report on Adult
Summary
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is common in most parts of the world. Studies show that the numbers of type 2 diabetes will continue increasing in the next two decades. The most vulnerable group of people in the population to the illness is the ageing population and those living with obesity. Type 2 disorder is characterised by insulin imbalance and hyperglycaemia. The risk factors associated with the disease is the interaction of genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors.
Epidemiological studies show that geographical location, ethnicity, and sex influences the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of the disorder is low in the rural areas compared to the urban areas and highest among the ethnic groups which have adopted the western culture. Additionally, there is no significant difference in the prevalence based on gender, but the statistics show that males cases are higher compared to females. The intervention for type 2 diabetes is lifestyle modification where the patient adopts dietary patterns that suit the disorder, engaging in physical exercise and using medication to regulate blood sugar levels.
The nurses have a significant role in the intervention where they act as a support system to the patient through motivation. They are also educators on the preventative measures and provide advanced care to the patients. The Pender Health Promotion Model is identified as one of the useful models for intervention for type 2 diabetes patients and is based on self-care behaviours to achieve high levels of well-being.
Introduction
Type 2 Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder which is prevalent in most parts of the world. According to Olokoba, Obzteru and Olokoba (2012), the trend of TYPE 2 Diabetes shows that it is slowly becoming a pandemic with the number of people living with the disorder likely to double in the next two decades following the increasingly ageing population. Kayyali et al., (2019) notes that in the UK, the number of diabetes patients has increased by 59.8 per cent with over four million people living with the illness and estimated to hit five million by 2025. The disorder is characterised by insulin insufficiency and resistance as well as hyperglycaemia.
The paper will explore the risk factors associated with Type 2 diabetes which, according to Wu, Ding, Tanaka and Zhang, (2014) include the interaction of genetic, environmental and behavioural risk factors. Considering that there is no identified cure for Type 2 Diabetes, the various interventions like lifestyle modification program to improve the quality of life by consuming balanced diet food, and engaging in physical exercise will be discussed and identify how they assist in the management of the disorder. The paper will assess various epidemiological studies on Type 2 Diabetes patients to identify the groups in the population who are more vulnerable to the disease which causes premature deaths as a way of measuring the health needs associated with the disorder. The paper will, in-depth discuss the most common public health interventions like lifestyle and behaviour changes after the identification of type 2 diabetes through assessing the various symptoms (Ramachandran, 2014, p.580). The role of nurses in dealing with the disorder will be explored focusing on nurses as educators, motivators and advanced caregivers. The Pender Health Promotion Model will be discussed as a useful model applied in the intervention of the type 2 diabetes model.
Epidemiology
According to Forouhi and Wareham (2014), the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes usually vary depending on time and places, and therefore; epidemiological studies aim at identifying the absence or presence of the illness. Considering the variation of the Type 2 diabetes focusing on geographical location, ethnicity and sex, the illness is lowest prevalent in rural areas in developing countries and highest in ethnic groups that have significantly adopted the western culture and lifestyle (Unnikrishnan, Pradeepa, Joshi and Mohan, 2017, p.1434).
According to Daousi et al. (2006), the group of people with obesity in the population have most of the Type 2 diabetes cases, and also those who migrate from areas with the lowest prevalence to the West are increasingly exposed to the risk. Tran et al. (2019) argue that there is no significant gender difference in global statistics, although men with Type 2 diabetes are more compared to women and the prevalence increases sharply as they age. According to Prasad and Groop (2015), the prevalence of the disorder in the population differ depending on the ethnicity where for instance, the Caucasians in Europe are the least affected and 50 per cent of the Pimma Indians in Arizona suffer Type 2 Diabetes.
Risk factors & Public Health interventions
The pathophysiological defects that lead to Type 2 diabetes are insulin secretion problems and resistance. According to Aravinda (2019), the major aetiological risk factors associated with the disorder include obesity age, genetics, lack of physical activities, and poor diet. The dietary risk factors include consumption of red, processed meat, sugar-added beverages, and declined use of fruits and vegetables and lack of some dairy products (Bellou, Belbasis, Tzoulaki and Evangelou, 2018, n.p). One of the interventions to type 2 diabetes is the use of novel strategies are applied to the overall dietary patterns (Niazi and Niazi, 2010, p.557) which are used to quantify the nutritional biomarkers according to the existing relationship between diabetes and diet (El Bilbeisi, Hosseini and Djafarian, 2017, n.p.). There exist a relatively high risk of hereditability chances of the type 2 diabetes in family clusters depending on the genetic and environmental factors. According to Prasad and Groop (2015), there exists a lifetime risk of about 40 per cent contracting Type 2 diabetes for individuals who had one parent with the disorder and 70 per cent of persons who both parents were affected. Apart from lifestyle intervention, medication, ancillary supplies, and equipment are available in pharmacies to stabilise the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2002, p.746).
Role of Nurses
According to NMC (2018), the nurses have the obligations of ensuring all the patients are assessed and responded to, practice using the best available information, communicate effectively, work co-operatively and use expertise for the benefit of patient and colleagues. The sentiment is supported by Nikitara, Constantinou, Andreou and Diomidous (2019) who argue that nurses carry the role of advanced caregivers for the patients with Type 2 diabetes. They are involved in the management of medicine and prescription which are roles performed by nurses and according to a survey by Carey and Courtenay (2009) show that two-thirds of the specialised nurses who responded prescribed medications for the diabetes patients. Peimani, Tabatabaei and Paajouhi (2010) argue that nurses execute the role of motivating the Type 2 diabetes patients as a way of offering psychological support as well as monitoring the adhesion of the patients. Additionally, the nurses play a vital role in educating the patients on how to manage the disorder. According to Wexler et al. (2012), positive outcomes have been observed on the patients’ health condition when nurses are directly involved in diabetes education with a view of improving glycaemic controls.
Health promotion model
Health promotion models are essential in assisting the type 2 diabetes patients to achieve higher levels of well-being. One of the common models is the Pender Health Promotion Model which expound on the personal factors, benefits from the perceived course of action, obstacles encountered, self-efficacy, activity and interpersonal influences which significantly influence behavioural changes (Putra, Kusnanto, Asmoro and Sukartini, 2019, p.240). According to Khodaveisi, Omidi, Farokhi and Soltanian, (2017) the model aim at improving the health and self-care behaviours among type 2 diabetes patients to improve the health and quality of life, increase satisfaction and reduce treatment cost of the patients. The application of the Pender Health Promotion Model is useful since it offers a mechanism of adjusting insulin, blood glucose monitoring, changing the physical exercise patterns and the contents of the meal for better management of type 2 diabetes (Kurnia, Amatayakul and Karuncharernpanit, 2017, p.262).
Conclusion
In conclusion, type 2 diabetes is a global disorder whose prevalence has increasingly been realised among the ageing population. The disorder’s prevalence depends on the geographical location and time where the number of the affected with the type 2 diabetes tend to increase in areas where people have significantly adopted the western culture including the eating habits. Poor lifestyle is one of the risk factors where the patient has a poor diet or fails to take physical exercise leading to obesity. Notably, people with obesity have higher chances of developing type 2 diabetes. The available public intervention for the disorder include both medicinal and non-medicinal, but there is no sure cure for the illness. Lifestyle intervention and medications are the common intervention which helps in levelling the blood sugar levels. The nurses play a vital role in the intervention of the type 2 disorder where they educate patients on the appropriate lifestyle, motivate them and provide primary care. The Pender Health Promotion Model is identified as an effective intervention method of type 2 diabetes.
Recommendation
It is recommended that type 2 diabetes patients begin lifestyle modification which includes proper diet and taking physical exercise after identification of early signs and symptoms of the disorder which include frequent urination, blurry vision, and patches of dark skin among others. Additionally, nurses and community health workers should continue educating the public through the creation of awareness campaigns on the adversity associated with type 2 disorder with a view of making people change their lifestyles as a preventative measure.
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