What foods did the high-fat and low-fat dairy groups include?
The low-fat dairy groups include skim or low-fat milk, instant breakfast, skim chocolate milk, cottage or ricotta cheese, yoghurt, and sherbet. On the other hand, high-fat dairy groups consist of the whole milk, cream cheese and different cheeses, whole chocolate milk, butter, milkshakes, and finally ice cream.
Compare model 4 of the “low-fat dairy” and “high-fat dairy.”
The relative risk of high-quality cow subjects is estimated to be homogeneous, while there is moderate heterogeneity in the low-fat dairy (I 2 = 65.6%). The RR estimate for all dairy studies was 94.9% heterogeneity, which was reduced to 80.5%. The heterogeneity data for low-fat and high-fat oil subjects were 78.3% and 68.5%, respectively (Chen et al., 2014). Various studies have led to conflicting results, examining the relationship between dairy consumption and the incidence of diabetes. Therefore, the current meta-analysis research aims to clarify the problem and assess the diabetic potential of dairy products.
The p-trend significance for models 4 for high-fat and low-fat dairy.
The p-trend of the four models of low-fat and high-fat dairy products are statistically significant. After adjusting for age, race, and energy intake, low milk consumption was associated with type 2 diabetes. The RR of the upper quintile was approximately 0.7, and the lowest quintile was RR. Further multivariate adjustments reinforce this connection; although the lower RR of the fourth quintile (0.5) is associated with the higher risk of the fifth quintile (0.6), the situation is still tricky.
What was model 2 adjusted for?
The model 2 was adjusted for age, BMI at age 18 y, and total energy intake in high school against the Quintile of the dairy product consumption.
Public health recommendations on dairy products in the context of type 2 diabetes
There is an unequal or moderate link between milk consumption and T2D risk. Yoghurt is significantly associated with reducing the risk of T2D. Therefore, more and better data are needed from epidemiological studies and RCT to understand the effect of milk consumption on glucose homeostasis. In particular, several key research questions need to be answered to maximize the effectiveness of milk consumption and narrow the gap in existing knowledge.
Reference
Chen, M., Sun, Q., Giovannucci, E., Mozaffarian, D., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2014). Dairy consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. BMC medicine, 12(1), 215.